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Hypertension is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases and morbidity, with antihypertensive drugs and blood pressure management strategies having heterogeneous effects on patients. Previous authors exploited this heterogeneity to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-15 Janie Coulombe , Dany El-Riachi , Fanxing Du , Tianze Jiao

Marginal structural models have been widely used in causal inference to estimate mean outcomes under either a static or a prespecified set of treatment decision rules. This approach requires imposing a working model for the mean outcome…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-27 Cuong Pham , Benjamin R. Baer , Ashkan Ertefaie

Optimal treatment regimes are personalized policies for making a treatment decision based on subject characteristics, with the policy chosen to maximize some value. It is common to aim to maximize the mean outcome in the population, via a…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-02-28 Liu Leqi , Edward H. Kennedy

We propose a dynamic allocation procedure that increases power and efficiency when measuring an average treatment effect in sequential randomized trials exploiting some subjects' previous assessed responses. Subjects arrive sequentially and…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-03 Adam Kapelner , Abba Krieger

The goal of personalized decision making is to map a unit's characteristics to an action tailored to maximize the expected outcome for that unit. Obtaining high-quality mappings of this type is the goal of the dynamic regime literature. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-01 Razieh Nabi , Phyllis Kanki , Ilya Shpitser

We develop and evaluate tolerance interval methods for dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) that can provide more detailed prognostic information to patients who will follow an estimated optimal regime. Although the problem of constructing…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-04-26 Daniel J. Lizotte , Arezoo Tahmasebi

In panel experiments, we randomly assign units to different interventions, measuring their outcomes, and repeating the procedure in several periods. Using the potential outcomes framework, we define finite population dynamic causal effects…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-28 Iavor Bojinov , Ashesh Rambachan , Neil Shephard

We develop methodology for a multistage decision problem with flexible number of stages in which the rewards are survival times that are subject to censoring. We present a novel Q-learning algorithm that is adjusted for censored data and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-05-31 Yair Goldberg , Michael R. Kosorok

Personalized decision-making, aiming to derive optimal treatment regimes based on individual characteristics, has recently attracted increasing attention in many fields, such as medicine, social services, and economics. Current literature…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-28 Jianing Chu , Wenbin Lu , Shu Yang

We study dynamic discrete choice models, where a commonly studied problem involves estimating parameters of agent reward functions (also known as "structural" parameters), using agent behavioral data. Maximum likelihood estimation for such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Sinong Geng , Houssam Nassif , Carlos A. Manzanares

Dynamic treatment regimens (DTRs) are sequential decision rules tailored at each stage by potentially time-varying patient features and intermediate outcomes observed in previous stages. The complexity, patient heterogeneity and chronicity…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-11-09 Ying Liu , Yuanjia Wang , Michael R. Kosorok , Yingqi Zhao , Donglin Zeng

Estimating optimal dynamic policies from offline data is a fundamental problem in dynamic decision making. In the context of causal inference, the problem is known as estimating the optimal dynamic treatment regime. Even though there exists…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-12-15 Qizhao Chen , Morgane Austern , Vasilis Syrgkanis

Dynamic treatment regimes have been proposed to personalize treatment decisions by utilizing historical patient data, but they may not always improve on the current standard of care. It is thus meaningful to integrate the standard of care…

Applications · Statistics 2025-12-11 Johannes Hruza , Arvid Sjölander , Erin Gabriel , Samir Bhatt , Michael Sachs

A treatment regime is a rule that assigns a treatment to patients based on their covariate information. Recently, estimation of the optimal treatment regime that yields the greatest overall expected clinical outcome of interest has…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-03-07 Kevin Gunn , Wenbin Lu , Rui Song

We introduce novel estimators for quantile causal effects with high dimensional panel data (large $N$ and $T$), where only one or a few units are affected by the intervention or policy. Our method extends the generalized synthetic control…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-19 Yihong Xu , Li Zheng

Quantile optimal treatment regimes (OTRs) aim to assign treatments that maximize a specified quantile of patients' outcomes. Compared to treatment regimes that target the mean outcomes, quantile OTRs offer fairer regimes when a lower…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-07 Junwen Xia , Jingxiao Zhang , Dehan Kong

Medical treatments often involve a sequence of decisions, each informed by previous outcomes. This process closely aligns with reinforcement learning (RL), a framework for optimizing sequential decisions to maximize cumulative rewards under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Ali Shirali , Alexander Schubert , Ahmed Alaa

We consider the estimation of treatment effects in settings when multiple treatments are assigned over time and treatments can have a causal effect on future outcomes or the state of the treated unit. We propose an extension of the…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-06-18 Greg Lewis , Vasilis Syrgkanis

Recent statistical and reinforcement learning methods have significantly advanced patient care strategies. However, these approaches face substantial challenges in high-stakes contexts, including missing data, inherent stochasticity, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Harsh Parikh , Quinn Lanners , Zade Akras , Sahar F. Zafar , M. Brandon Westover , Cynthia Rudin , Alexander Volfovsky

To maximize clinical benefit, clinicians routinely tailor treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient, where individualized treatment rules are needed and are of significant research interest to statisticians. In the…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-23 Trinetri Ghosh , Yanyuan Ma , Rui Song , Pingshou Zhong