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We show how measurement and nonlocality can be explained consistently with macroscopic realism and no-signaling, and causal relations for macroscopic quantities. Considering measurement of a field amplitude $\hat{x}$, we derive theorems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-07 M D Reid , P D Drummond

While Bell nonlocality of a bipartite system is counter-intuitive, multipartite nonlocality in our many-body world turns out to be even more so. Recent theoretical study reveals in a theory-agnostic manner that genuine multipartite nonlocal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-19 Ya-Li Mao , Zheng-Da Li , Sixia Yu , Jingyun Fan

The Bell inequalities stand at the cornerstone of the developments of quantum theory on both the foundational and applied side. The discussion started as a way to test whether the quantum description of reality is complete or not, but it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-14 Nicolas Gigena , Giovanni Scala , Antonio Mandarino

In this work we aim to analyze the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt CHSH inequality strictly in the context of probability theory. In the course of assembling inequality we have to take care not to produce assumptions a priori, that is,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-31 Felipe Andrade Velozo , José A. C. Nogales , Gustavo Figueiredo Araújo

We review some of our experiments performed over the past few years on two-photon interference. These include a test of Bell's inequalities, a study of the complementarity principle, an application of EPR correlations for dispersion-free…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Raymond Y. Chiao , Paul G. Kwiat , Aephraim M. Steinberg

The conflict between relativistic causality and localizability is analyzed in the light of the existence of unsharp localization observables. A theorem due to S. Schlieder is generalized, showing that the assumption of local commutativity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-28 Paul Busch

Correlations for the Bell gedankenexperiment are constructed using probabilities given by quantum mechanics, and nonlocal information. They satisfy Bell's inequality and exhibit spatial non stationarity in angle. Correlations for three…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Louis Sica

The CHSH mod 3 Bell inequality is a natural testbed for higher-dimensional quantum nonlocality, yet its maximal quantum violation and self-testing properties have remained unresolved. We determine its exact maximal quantum value and show…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-07 Igor Klep , Nando Leijenhorst , Victor Magron

We analyze the data from the loophole-free CHSH experiment performed by Hensen et al., and show that it is actually not exempt of an important loophole. By increasing the size of the sample of event-ready detections, one can exhibit in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-18 Guillaume Adenier , Andrei Yu. Khrennikov

We develop a framework for certifying randomness from Bell-test trials based on directly estimating the probability of the measurement outcomes with adaptive test supermartingales. The number of trials need not be predetermined, and one can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-30 Emanuel Knill , Yanbao Zhang , Peter Bierhorst

Energy distance is a statistical distance between the distributions of random variables, which characterizes the equality of the distributions. Utilizing the energy distance, we develop a nonparametric test for the diagonal symmetry, which…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-20 Yongli Sang , Xin Dang

A device-independent randomness expansion protocol aims to take an initial random string and generate a longer one, where the security of the protocol does not rely on knowing the inner workings of the devices used to run it. In order to do…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-06 Rutvij Bhavsar , Sammy Ragy , Roger Colbeck

The assumption of local realism in a Bell locality scenario imposes non-trivial conditions on the Shannon entropies of the associated probability distributions, expressed by linear entropic Bell inequalities. In principle, these entropic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-24 Rafael Chaves

Recently many simple principles have been proposed that can explain quantum limitations on possible sets of experimental probabilities in nonlocality and contextuality experiments. However, few implications between these principles are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-10 Joe Henson

Since the experimental observation of the violation of the Bell-CHSH inequalities, much has been said about the non-local and contextual character of the underlying system. But the hypothesis from which Bell's inequalities are derived…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-09 Aldo F. G. Solis-Labastida , Melina Gastelum , Jorge G. Hirsch

The CHSH inequality is an inequality used to test locality in quantum theory and is recognized as one of Bell's inequalities. In contrast, the KCBS inequality is employed to test noncontextuality in quantum theory. While certain quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-10 Yuichiro Kitajima

We construct a simple algorithm to generate any CHSH type Bell inequality involving a party with two local binary measurements from two CHSH type inequalities without this party. The algorithm readily generalizes to situations, where the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Yu-Chun Wu , Piotr Badziag , Marek Żukowski

Quantum mechanics and relativistic causality together imply nonlocality: nonlocal correlations (that violate the CHSH inequality) and nonlocal equations of motion (the Aharonov-Bohm effect). Can we invert the logical order? We consider a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 D. Rohrlich , S. Popescu

We give a set of necessary conditions for locality in bipartite systems, which include and generalize known Bell's inequalities. Each condition corresponds to a specific order of the expansion of random variables defined on graphs, in terms…

Bell's theorem shows that local realistic theories place strong restrictions on observable correlations between different systems, giving rise to Bell's inequality which can be violated in experiments using entangled quantum states. Bell's…