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Attempts to understand the consequence of any individual scientist's activity within the long-term trajectory of science is one of the most difficult questions within the philosophy of science. Because scientific publications play such as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Richard K. Belew

With Google Scholar, scientists can maintain their publications on personal profile pages, while the citations to these works are automatically collected and counted. Maintenance of publications is done manually by the researcher herself,…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2014-10-16 Hans L. Bodlaender , Marc van Kreveld

The emergence of academic search engines (Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic Search essentially) has revived and increased the interest in the size of the academic web, since their aspiration is to index the entirety of current academic…

Bibliometric measures, such as total citations and h-index, have become a cornerstone for evaluating academic performance; however, these traditional metrics, being non-weighted, inadequately capture the nuances of individual contributions.…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Vishvesh Karthik , Indupalli Sishir Anand , Utkarsha Mahanta , Gaurav Sharma

Following in the footsteps of the model of scientific communication, which has recently gone through a metamorphosis (from the Gutenberg galaxy to the Web galaxy), a change in the model and methods of scientific evaluation is also taking…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2016-02-09 Alberto Martin-Martin , Enrique Orduna-Malea , Juan M. Ayllon , Emilio Delgado Lopez-Cozar

The main objective of this paper is to identify the set of highly-cited documents in Google Scholar and to define their core characteristics (document types, language, free availability, source providers, and number of versions), under the…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2016-12-28 Alberto Martin-Martin , Enrique Orduna-Malea , Juan M. Ayllon , Emilio Delgado Lopez-Cozar

The main objective of this paper is to empirically test whether the identification of highly-cited documents through Google Scholar is feasible and reliable. To this end, we carried out a longitudinal analysis (1950 to 2013), running a…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Alberto Martín-Martín , Enrique Orduna-Malea , Anne-Wil Harzing , Emilio Delgado López-Cózar

A new methodology is proposed for comparing Google Scholar (GS) with other citation indexes. It focuses on the coverage and citation impact of sources, indexing speed, and data quality, including the effect of duplicate citation counts. The…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2016-05-03 Henk F. Moed , Judit Bar-Ilan , Gali Halevi

We consider a resource-constrained updater, such as Google Scholar, which wishes to update the citation records of a group of researchers, who have different mean citation rates (and optionally, different importance coefficients), in such a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Melih Bastopcu , Sennur Ulukus

The launching of Scopus and Google Scholar, and methodological developments in Social Network Analysis have made many more indicators for evaluating journals available than the traditional Impact Factor, Cited Half-life, and Immediacy Index…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-09-25 Loet Leydesdorff

This article describes a procedure to generate a snapshot of the structure of a specific scientific community and their outputs based on the information available in Google Scholar Citations (GSC). We call this method MADAP (Multifaceted…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Alberto Martín-Martín , Enrique Orduna-Malea , Emilio Delgado López-Cózar

Academic institutions, federal agencies, publishers, editors, authors, and librarians increasingly rely on citation analysis for making hiring, promotion, tenure, funding, and/or reviewer and journal evaluation and selection decisions. The…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Lokman I. Meho , Kiduk Yang

Unlike other academic bibliographic databases, Google Scholar intentionally operates in a way that does not maintain coverage stability: documents that stop being available to Google Scholar's crawlers are removed from the system. This can…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Alberto Martín-Martín , Emilio Delgado López-Cózar

The paper discusses and analyzes the scientific search service Google Scholar (GS). The focus is on an exploratory study which investigates the coverage of scientific serials in GS. The study shows deficiencies in the coverage and…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2019-01-15 Philipp Mayr , Anne-Kathrin Walter

The goal of this working paper is to summarize the main empirical evidences provided by the scientific community as regards the comparison between the two main citation based academic search engines: Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2015-09-10 Enrique Orduna-Malea , Juan Manuel Ayllon , Alberto Martin-Martin , Emilio Delgado Lopez-Cozar

Over the recent years, there has been a growing interest in developing new research evaluation methods that could go beyond the traditional citation-based metrics. This interest is motivated on one side by the wider availability or even…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Drahomira Herrmannova , Petr Knoth

This study explores a handheld, battery-operated e-ink device displaying Google Scholar citation statistics. The StatCounter places academic metrics into the flow of daily life rather than a desktop context. The work draws on a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Jonas Oppenlaender

Although both Google Gemini (1.5 Flash) and ChatGPT (4o and 4o-mini) give research quality evaluation scores that correlate positively with expert scores in nearly all fields, and more strongly that citations in most, it is not known…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Mike Thelwall

Recently, a review concluded that Google Scholar (GS) is not a suitable source of information "for identifying recent conference papers or other gray literature publications". The goal of this letter is to demonstrate that GS can be an…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2017-02-15 Enrique Orduna-Malea , Alberto Martin-Martin , Emilio Delgado Lopez-Cozar

Although indicators based on scholarly citations are widely used to support the evaluation of academic journals, alternatives are needed for scholarly book acquisitions. This article assesses the value of research quality scores from…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Mike Thelwall , Andrew Cox