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In the present paper we give a new method for converting virtual knots and links to virtual braids. Indeed the braiding method given in this paper is quite general, and applies to all the categories in which braiding can be accomplished. We…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Louis H. Kauffman , Sofia Lambropoulou

Two categorifications are given for the arrow polynomial, an extension of the Kauffman bracket polynomial for virtual knots. The arrow polynomial extends the bracket polynomial to infinitely many variables, each variable corresponding to an…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2010-05-07 Heather Ann Dye , Louis Hirsch Kauffman , Vassily Olegovich Manturov

For classical knots, there is a concept of (semi)meander diagrams; in this short note we generalize this concept to virtual knots and prove that the classes of meander and semimeander diagrams are universal (this was known for classical…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2024-12-10 Y. Belousov , V. Chernov , A. Malyutin , R. Sadykov

We define invariants of unoriented knots and links by enhancing the integral kei counting invariant Phi_X^Z (K) for a finite kei X using representations of the kei algebra, Z_K[X], a quotient of the quandle algebra Z[X] defined by…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2011-02-23 Mike Grier , Sam Nelson

In this note we define and study graph invariants generalizing to higher dimension the maximum degree of a vertex and the vertex-connectivity (our $0$-dimensional cases). These are known to coincide almost surely in any regime for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-04-18 Eric Babson , Volkmar Welker

For an oriented knot $K$, we construct a functor from the category of pointed quandles to the category of quandles in three different ways. We also extend the quandle cocycle invariants of knots by using these quandle-valued invariant of…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2014-06-11 Tetsuya Ito

We introduce two polynomial invariants $V_1(K;t)$ and $V_2(K;t)$ of a long virtual knot $K$, which generalize the degree-two finite type invariants $v_{2,1}$ and $v_{2,2}$ of Goussarov, Polyak, and Viro. We establish their fundamental…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2026-01-23 Shin Satoh , Kodai Wada

We construct a series of finite-dimensional quantum groups as braided Drinfeld doubles of Nichols algebras of type Super A, for an even root of unity, and classify ribbon structures for these quantum groups. Ribbon structures exist if and…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2026-03-05 Robert Laugwitz , Guillermo Sanmarco

In this paper we classify invariant noncommutative connections in the framework of the algebra of endomorphisms of a complex vector bundle. It has been proven previously that this noncommutative algebra generalizes in a natural way the…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Thierry Masson , Emmanuel Serie

We introduce an up-down coloring of a virtual-link diagram. The colorabilities give a lower bound of the minimum number of Reidemeister moves of type II which are needed between two 2-component virtual-link diagrams. By using the notion of…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2017-03-13 Kanako Oshiro , Ayaka Shimizu , Yoshiro Yaguchi

We introduce a special class of knots, called global knots, in F^2 x R and we construct new isotopy invariants, called T-invariants, for global knots. Some T-invariants are of finite type but they cannot be extracted from the generalized…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Thomas Fiedler

We consider the question of which virtual knots have finite fundamental medial bikei. We describe and implement an algorithm for completing a presentation matrix of a medial bikei to an operation table, determining both the cardinality and…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2017-04-05 Julien Chien , Sam Nelson

The goal of this paper is to give a diagrammatical characterization of the information given by the Milnor invariants of links and string links. More precisely, we describe when two string links have equal Milnor invariants of length $\leq…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2022-01-06 Boris Colombari

In the preprint of V. Bardakov, T. Kozlovskaya, D. Talalaev (Self-distributive bialgebras, arXiv:2501.19152) it was formulated a problem of classification of self-distributive bialgebras and was given classification of two-dimensional…

We initiate the study of classical knots through the homotopy class of the n-th evaluation map of the knot, which is the induced map on the compactified n-point configuration space. Sending a knot to its n-th evaluation map realizes the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Ryan Budney , James Conant , Kevin P. Scannell , Dev Sinha

In this paper we conjecture that the Links-Gould invariant of links, that we know is a generalization of the Alexander-Conway polynomial, shares some of its classical features. In particular it seems to give a lower bound for the genus of…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2025-05-14 Ben-Michael Kohli

Twisted links are a generalization of virtual links. As virtual links correspond to abstract links on orientable surfaces, twisted links correspond to abstract links on (possibly non-orientable) surfaces. In this paper, we introduce the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2016-01-12 Naoko Kamada , Seiichi Kamada

We define a homology theory of virtual links built out of the direct sum of the standard Khovanov complex with itself, motivating the name doubled Khovanov homology. We demonstrate that it can be used to show that some virtual links are…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2019-08-15 William Rushworth

R. Kashaev and N. Reshetikhin introduced the notion of holonomy braiding extending V. Turaev's homotopy braiding to describe the behavior of cyclic representations of the unrestricted quantum group $U_qsl_2$ at root of unity. In this paper,…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2018-06-08 Christian Blanchet , Nathan Geer , Bertrand Patureau-Mirand , Nicolai Reshetikhin

By using the notion of a rigid R-matrix in a monoidal category and the Reshetikhin--Turaev functor on the category of tangles, we review the definition of the associated invariant of long knots. In the framework of the monoidal categories…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2020-01-01 Rinat Kashaev