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Measurement error arises through a variety of mechanisms. A rich literature exists on the bias introduced by covariate measurement error and on methods of analysis to address this bias. By comparison, less attention has been given to errors…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-11-27 Pamela Shaw , Jiwei He , Bryan Shepherd

Statistical inference is considered for variables of interest, called primary variables, when auxiliary variables are observed along with the primary variables. We consider the setting of incomplete data analysis, where some primary…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-03-27 Shinpei Imori , Hidetoshi Shimodaira

In order to estimate the population mean in the presence of both non-response and measurement errors that are uncorrelated, the paper presents some novel estimators employing ranked set sampling by utilizing auxiliary information.Up to the…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-06 Rajesh Singh , Anamika Kumari

Scholars frequently use covariate balance tests to test the validity of natural experiments and related designs. Unfortunately, when measured covariates are unrelated to potential outcomes, balance is uninformative about key identification…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-15 Clara Bicalho , Adam Bouyamourn , Thad Dunning

Analysis of sample survey data often requires adjustments to account for missing data in the outcome variables of principal interest. Standard adjustment methods based on item imputation or on propensity weighting factors rely heavily on…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-03-08 Wei-Yin Loh , John Eltinge , MoonJung Cho , Yuanzhi Li

Nonresponse after probability sampling is a universal challenge in survey sampling, often necessitating adjustments to mitigate sampling and selection bias simultaneously. This study explored the removal of bias and effective utilization of…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-13 Kosuke Morikawa , Kenji Beppu , Wataru Aida

This paper proposes a class of ratio type estimators of finite population variance, when the population variance of an auxiliary character is known. Asymptotic expression for mean square error (MSE) is derived and compared with the mean…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-11-27 Jayant Singh , Viplav K. Singh , Sachin Malik , Rajesh Singh

Randomization is a common technique used in clinical trials to eliminate potential bias and confounders in a patient population. Equal allocation to treatment groups is the standard due to its optimal efficiency in many cases. However, in…

Applications · Statistics 2020-04-09 Thevaa Chandereng , Xiaodan Wei , Rick Chappell

The odds ratio (OR) is a measure of effect size commonly used in observational research. OR reflects statistical association between a binary outcome, such as the presence of a health condition, and a binary predictor, such as an exposure…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-07-09 Olga A Vsevolozhskaya , Dmitri V Zaykin

Online data has the potential to transform how researchers and companies produce election forecasts. Social media surveys, online panels and even comments scraped from the internet can offer valuable insights into political preferences.…

Applications · Statistics 2025-03-20 Alberto Arletti , Maria Letizia Tanturri , Omar Paccagnella

Randomized controlled trials generate experimental variation that can credibly identify causal effects, but often suffer from limited scale, while observational datasets are large, but often violate desired identification assumptions. To…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-12-27 George Z. Gui

Contextual sensing and delivery of digital interventions to improve health outcomes have gained significant traction in behavioral and psychiatric studies. Micro-randomized trials (MRTs) are a common experimental design for obtaining…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-01 Jieru Shi , Zhenke Wu , Walter Dempsey

Often, government agencies and survey organizations know the population counts or percentages for some of the variables in a survey. These may be available from auxiliary sources, for example, administrative databases or other high quality…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-12 Olanrewaju Akande , Gabriel Madson , D. Sunshine Hillygus , Jerome P. Reiter

Propensity score matching is commonly used to draw causal inference from observational survival data. However, its asymptotic properties have yet to be established, and variance estimation is still open to debate. We derive the statistical…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-12-24 Tongrong Wang , Honghe Zhao , Shu Yang , Shuhan Tang , Zhanglin Cui , Li Li , Douglas E. Faries

The growing availability of large health databases has expanded the use of observational studies for comparative effectiveness research. Unlike randomized trials, observational studies must adjust for systematic differences in patient…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-21 Haidong Lu , Fan Li , Laine E. Thomas , Fan Li

Covariate balance is crucial for unconfounded descriptive or causal comparisons. However, lack of balance is common in observational studies. This article considers weighting strategies for balancing covariates. We define a general class of…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-09-30 Fan Li , Kari Lock Morgan , Alan M. Zaslavsky

Covariate balance is crucial for unconfounded descriptive or causal comparisons. However, lack of balance is common in observational studies. This article considers weighting strategies for balancing covariates. We define a general class of…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-11-17 Fan Li , Kari Lock Morgan , Alan M. Zaslavsky

Logistic regression is an important statistical tool for assessing the probability of an outcome based upon some predictive variables. Standard methods can only deal with precisely known data, however many datasets have uncertainties which…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-09 Nicholas Gray , Scott Ferson

Biomedical researchers usually study the effects of certain exposures on disease risks among a well-defined population. To achieve this goal, the gold standard is to design a trial with an appropriate sample from that population. Due to the…

Applications · Statistics 2019-11-18 Cheng Zheng , Sayan Dasgupta , Yuxiang Xie , Asad Haris , Ying Qing Chen

Estimating causal effects from observational data informs us about which factors are important in an autonomous system, and enables us to take better decisions. This is important because it has applications in selecting a treatment in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Plabon Shaha , Talha Islam Zadid , Ismat Rahman , Md. Mosaddek Khan