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Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPAD) are affordable photodetectors, capable to collect extremely fast low-energy events, due to their single-photon sensibility. This makes them very suitable for time-of-flight-based range imaging systems,…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2017-03-09 Quercus Hernandez , Diego Gutierrez , Adrian Jarabo

Single-Photon Avalanche Detector (SPAD) arrays are a rapidly emerging technology. These multi-pixel sensors have single-photon sensitivities and pico-second temporal resolutions thus they can rapidly generate depth images with millimeter…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-12 Stirling Scholes , Germán Mora-Martín , Feng Zhu , Istvan Gyongy , Phil Soan , Jonathan Leach

Fluorescence microscopy and derived techniques are continuously looking for photodetectors able to guarantee increased sensitivity, high spatial and temporal resolution and ease of integration into modern microscopy architectures. Recent…

Single-photon detection is an invaluable tool for many applications ranging from basic research to consumer electronics. In this respect, the Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) plays a key role in enabling a broad diffusion of these…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-02-05 Angelo Gulinatti , Francesco Ceccarelli , Massimo Ghioni , Ivan Rech

Photon counting detectors such as single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are commonly considered for reliable optical wireless communication at power limited regimes. However, SPAD-based receivers suffer from significant dead time…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Shenjie Huang , Majid Safari

We propose a fully asynchronous peak detection approach for SPAD-based direct time-of-flight (dToF) flash LiDAR, enabling pixel-wise event-driven depth acquisition without global synchronization. By allowing pixels to independently report…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-29 Yiyang Liu , Rongxuan Zhang , Istvan Gyongy , Alistair Gorman , Sarrah M. Patanwala , Filip Taneski , Robert K. Henderson

Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays are solid-state detectors offering imaging capabilities at the level of individual photons, with unparalleled photon counting and time-resolved performance. This fascinating technology has…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2019-03-19 Claudio Bruschini , Harald Homulle , Ivan Michel Antolovic , Samuel Burri , Edoardo Charbon

Time-resolved single photon imaging is a promising imaging modality characterized by the unique capability of timestamping the arrivals of single photons. Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes (SPADs) are the leading technology for implementing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Aleksi Suonsivu , Lauri Salmela , Edoardo Peretti , Leevi Uosukainen , Radu Ciprian Bilcu , Giacomo Boracchi

Single Photon Avalanche Diode sensor arrays operating in direct time of flight mode can perform 3D imaging using pulsed lasers. Operating at high frame rates, SPAD imagers typically generate large volumes of noisy and largely redundant…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-01-08 Saeed Afshar , Tara Julia Hamilton , Langdon Davis , Andre van Schaik , Dennis Delic

Silicon single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a core device for single-photon detection in the visible and the near-infrared range, and widely used in many applications. However, due to limits of the structure design and device…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-03-17 Jian Ma , Ming Zhou , Zongfu Yu , Xiao Jiang , Yijie Huo , Kai Zang , Jun Zhang , James S. Harris , Ge Jin , Qiang Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

A near-infrared (NIR) enhanced silicon single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) fabricated in a customized 0.13 $\mu$m CMOS technology is presented. The SPAD has a depleted absorption volume of approximately 15 $\mu$m x 15 $\mu$m x 18 $\mu$m.…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-05-13 Edward Van Sieleghem , Andreas Süss , Pierre Boulenc , Jiwon Lee , Gauri Karve , Koen De Munck , Celso Cavaco , Chris Van Hoof

Integrated quantum photonics, which allows for the development and implementation of chip-scale devices, is recognized as a key enabling technology on the road towards scalable quantum networking schemes. However, many state-of-the-art…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2019-10-18 Salih Yanikgonul , Victor Leong , Jun Rong Ong , Ching Eng Png , Leonid Krivitsky

Fast, efficient, and accurate depth-sensing is important for safety-critical applications such as autonomous vehicles. Direct time-of-flight LiDAR has the potential to fulfill these demands, thanks to its ability to provide high-precision…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-04 Justin Folden , Atul Ingle , Sanjeev J. Koppal

Modern PET scanners based on scintillating crystals use solid state photo detectors for light readout. The small area of these devices is beneficial for spatial resolution, but also leads to a large number of electronic channels to be read…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-12-04 Peter Fischer , Michael Ritzert , Thomas Kerschenbauer

High-resolution 3D tracking with sub-nanosecond timing is required for the detection of elementary particles, such as neutrinos. Conventional detectors, which utilize analog silicon photomultipliers, face challenges in balancing spatial…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-11-24 Kodai Kaneyasu , Till Dieminger , Matthew Franks , Davide Sgalaberna , Claudio Bruschini , Edoardo Charbon

This study presents an efficient field-programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of a polynomial spline function-based statistical compression algorithm designed to address the critical challenge of massive data transfer bandwidth in…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-12 Zhenya Zang , Mike Davies , Istvan Gyongy

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are becoming popular in time-of-flight depth-ranging due to their unique ability to capture individual photons with picosecond timing resolution. However, ambient light (e.g., sunlight) incident on a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-20 Anant Gupta , Atul Ingle , Mohit Gupta

A single-photon avalanche detector (SPAD) for high-speed quantum-key generation has successfully been developed. It has the highest photon detection repetition frequency and the lowest dark count rate in the world, as a board-mountable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-12-28 Seigo Takahashi , Akio Tajima , Akihisa Tomita

Silicon single-photon detectors (Si SPDs) play a crucial role in detecting single photons in the visible spectrum. For various applications, photon detection efficiency (PDE) is the most critical characteristic for effectively collecting…

Gated quenched SPAD detectors are widely used in quantum communication and quantum computing setups employing high-repetition-rate lasers. Here, we present a novel scheme for high-repetition-rate (100 MHz) sine-wave gated SPADs, based on…

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