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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technological innovation, safeguarding intellectual property rights through patents is crucial for fostering progress and stimulating research and development investments. This report introduces a…
Compositionality is a key property for dealing with complexity, which has been studied from many points of view in diverse fields. Particularly, the composition of individual computations (or programs) has been widely studied almost since…
The combination of diverse, pre-existing knowledge is a common explanation for scientific breakthroughs. However, a paradox exists: while scientific output and the potential for such recombination have grown exponentially, the rate of…
There are many philosophies and theories on what creativity is and how it works, but one popular idea is that of variations on a theme and intersection of concepts. This literature review explores philosophical proposals of how creativity…
The global patent application count has steadily increased, achieving eight consecutive years of growth.The global patent industry has shown a general trend of expansion. This is attributed to the increasing innovation activities,…
The performance of medical research can be viewed and evaluated not only from the perspective of publication output, but also from the perspective of economic exploitability. Patents can represent the exploitation of research results and…
Patent examiners need to solve a complex information retrieval task when they assess the novelty and inventive step of claims made in a patent application. Given a claim, they search for prior art, which comprises all relevant publicly…
Experimental mathematics is an experimental approach to mathematics in which programming and symbolic computation are used to investigate mathematical objects, identify properties and patterns, discover facts and formulas and even…
Quantum computation is an emerging technology that promises to be a powerful tool in many areas. Though some years likely still remain until significant quantum advantage is demonstrated, the development of the technology has led to a range…
The insight and experience gained by a researcher are often lost because the current productive and analytics software are inherently data-centric, disconnected, and scattered. The connected nature of insight and experience can be captured…
This paper studies patenting trends in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics from 1980 to 2019. We introduce a novel distinction between traditional robotics and robotics embedding AI functionalities. Using patent data and a time-series…
Innovation or the creation and diffusion of new material, social and cultural things in society has been widely studied in sociology and across the social sciences, with investigations sufficiently diverse and dispersed to make them…
Interoperability is crucial for modern scientific advancement, yet its fragmented definitions across domains hinder researchers' ability to effectively reap the rewards. This paper proposes a new, universal definition by tracing the…
Scientific and technological frontiers advance through punctuated dynamics, yet the principles governing these dynamics remain poorly understood. Here we collect and analyze datasets tracking the evolution of frontiers across 9 different…
Is calendar time the true clock of innovation? By combining complexity science with innovation economics and using vaccine datasets containing over three million citations and eight regulatory authorisations, we discover that calendar time…
Deep generative models have emerged as an exciting avenue for inverse molecular design, with progress coming from the interplay between training algorithms and molecular representations. One of the key challenges in their applicability to…
The process of technological change can be regarded as a non-deterministic system governed by factors of a cumulative nature that generate cyclical phenomena. In this context, the process of growth and decline of technology can be…
The future of innovation processes is anticipated to be more data-driven and empowered by the ubiquitous digitalization, increasing data accessibility and rapid advances in machine learning, artificial intelligence, and computing…
We describe innovation in terms of a generalized branching process. Each new invention pairs with any existing one to produce a number of offspring, which is Poisson distributed with mean p. Existing inventions die with probability p/\tau…
The design of new devices and experiments in science and engineering has historically relied on the intuitions of human experts. This credo, however, has changed. In many disciplines, computer-inspired design processes, also known as…