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We describe a simple algorithm for sampling $n$-qubit Clifford operators uniformly at random. The algorithm outputs the Clifford operators in the form of quantum circuits with at most $5n + 2n^2$ elementary gates and a maximum depth of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-18 Ewout van den Berg

Clifford group lies at the core of quantum computation -- it underlies quantum error correction, its elements can be used to perform magic state distillation and they form randomized benchmarking protocols, Clifford group is used to study…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-26 Sergey Bravyi , Joseph A. Latone , Dmitri Maslov

We introduce Clifford Group Equivariant Neural Networks: a novel approach for constructing $\mathrm{O}(n)$- and $\mathrm{E}(n)$-equivariant models. We identify and study the $\textit{Clifford group}$, a subgroup inside the Clifford algebra…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-24 David Ruhe , Johannes Brandstetter , Patrick Forré

We use our Clifford algebra technique, that is nilpotents and projectors which are binomials of the Clifford algebra objects $\gamma^a$ with the property $\{\gamma^a,\gamma^b\}_+ = 2 \eta^{ab}$, for representing quantum gates and quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 M. Gregoric , N. S. Mankoc Borstnik

Given oracle access to an unknown unitary C from the Clifford group and its conjugate, we give an exact algorithm for identifying C with O(n) queries, which we prove is optimal. We then extend this to all levels of the Gottesman-Chuang…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Richard A. Low

In this paper, we present a method for calculation of spin groups elements for known pseudo-orthogonal group elements with respect to the corresponding two-sheeted coverings. We present our results using the Clifford algebra formalism in…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 D. S. Shirokov

We present an algorithm for performing quantum process tomography on an unknown $n$-qubit unitary $C$ from the Clifford group. Our algorithm uses Bell basis measurements to deterministically learn $C$ with $4n + 3$ queries, which is the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Timothy Skaras , Paul Ginsparg

We introduce the Non-commutative Subset Convolution - a convolution of functions useful when working with determinant-based algorithms. In order to compute it efficiently, we take advantage of Clifford algebras, a generalization of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-08-13 Michał Włodarczyk

We generalize an algorithm established in earlier work \cite{algebrapaper} to compute finitely many generators for a subgroup of finite index of an arithmetic group acting properly discontinuously on hyperbolic space of dimension $2$ and…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2020-02-03 Ann Kiefer

The Clifford group plays a central role in quantum information science. It is the building block for many error-correcting schemes and matches the first three moments of the Haar measure over the unitary group -a property that is essential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-17 Lennart Bittel , Jens Eisert , Lorenzo Leone , Antonio A. Mele , Salvatore F. E. Oliviero

The discrete logarithm problem in a finite group is the basis for many protocols in cryptography. The best general algorithms which solve this problem have time complexity of $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{N}\log N)$, and a space complexity of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Simran Tinani , Joachim Rosenthal

Let $G$ be a finite group generated by $k$ elements. The well-known product replacement algorithm provides an effective method for sampling generating sets of $G$. We study a refinement of this algorithm that is designed to output…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-23 Michał Marcinkowski , Piotr Mizerka

We study an efficient algorithm to hash any single qubit gate (or unitary matrix) into a braid of Fibonacci anyons represented by a product of icosahedral group elements. By representing the group elements by braid segments of different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-13 Michele Burrello , Haitan Xu , Giuseppe Mussardo , Xin Wan

Obtaining the symmetries of a model is a critical step towards developing an understanding and ultimately analytically or numerically solving the model. However, finding symmetries is generally extremely complicated, often being the result…

We present an algorithm that decomposes any $n$-qubit Clifford operator into a circuit consisting of three subcircuits containing only CNOT or CPHASE gates with layers of one-qubit gates before and after each of these subcircuits. As with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-18 Timothy Proctor , Kevin Young

The Clifford group is a finite subgroup of the unitary group generated by the Hadamard, the CNOT, and the Phase gates. This group plays a prominent role in quantum error correction, randomized benchmarking protocols, and the study of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-17 Sergey Bravyi , Ruslan Shaydulin , Shaohan Hu , Dmitri Maslov

We describe stabilizer states and Clifford group operations using linear operations and quadratic forms over binary vector spaces. We show how the n-qubit Clifford group is isomorphic to a group with an operation that is defined in terms of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Jeroen Dehaene , Bart De Moor

We give an efficient randomized algorithm for approximating an arbitrary element of $SU(2)$ by a product of Clifford+$T$ operators, up to any given error threshold $\epsilon>0$. Under a mild hypothesis on the distribution of primes, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-13 Peter Selinger

In fault-tolerant quantum computation and quantum error-correction one is interested on Pauli matrices that commute with a circuit/unitary. We provide a fast algorithm that decomposes any Clifford gate as a $\textit{minimal}$ product of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-12 Tefjol Pllaha , Kalle Volanto , Olav Tirkkonen

We provide a careful analysis of the structure theorem for the $n$-qudit projective Clifford group and various encoding schemes for its elements. In particular, we derive formulas for evaluation, composition, and inversion. Our results…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-08 Sam Winnick , Jennifer Paykin
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