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The dynamics of the model of agents with limited confidence introduced by Hegselmann and Krause exhibits multiple well-separated regimes characterised by the number of distinct clusters in the stationary state. We present indications that…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-01-20 Frantisek Slanina

We study convergence of the following discrete-time non-linear dynamical system: n agents are located in R^d and at every time step, each moves synchronously to the average location of all agents within a unit distance of it. This popularly…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-11-09 Arnab Bhattacharyya , Mark Braverman , Bernard Chazelle , Huy L. Nguyen

In a 2006 paper, Jan Lorenz observed a curious behaviour in numerical simulations of the Hegselmann-Krause model: Under some circumstances, making agents more closed-minded can produce a consensus from a dense configuration of opinions…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2021-07-28 Edvin Wedin

We consider the Hegselmann-Krause model for opinion dynamics and study the evolution of the system under various settings. We first analyze the termination time of the synchronous Hegselmann-Krause dynamics in arbitrary finite dimensions…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Seyed Rasoul Etesami , Tamer Basar

The Hegselmann--Krause model is a prototypical model for opinion dynamics. It models the stochastic time evolution of an agent's or voter's opinion in response to the opinion of other like-minded agents. The Hegselmann--Krause model only…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-02-26 Patrick H. Cahill , Georg A. Gottwald

We study a simple continuous-time multi-agent system related to Krause's model of opinion dynamics: each agent holds a real value, and this value is continuously attracted by every other value differing from it by less than 1, with an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2009-07-28 Vincent D. Blondel , Julien M. Hendrickx , John N. Tsitsiklis

We show that the freezing time of the $d$-dimensional Hegselmann-Krause model is $O(n^4)$ where $n$ is the number of agents. This improves the best known upper bound whenever $d\geq 2$.

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-01-12 Anders Martinsson

Hegselmann and Krause introduced a discrete-time model of opinion dynamics with agents having limit confidence. It is well known that the dynamics reaches a stable state in a polynomial number of time steps. However, the gap between the…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2015-05-14 Sascha Kurz

In the bounded confidence model the opinions of a set of agents evolve over discrete time steps. In each round an agent averages the opinion of all agents whose opinions are at most a certain threshold apart. Here we assume that the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-12-23 Sascha Kurz

We study a model of opinion dynamics introduced by Krause: each agent has an opinion represented by a real number, and updates its opinion by averaging all agent opinions that differ from its own by less than 1. We give a new proof of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2009-03-13 Vincent D. Blondel , Julien M. Hendrickx , John N. Tsitsiklis

The Hegselmann-Krause system (HK system for short) is one of the most popular models for the dynamics of opinion formation in multiagent systems. Agents are modeled as points in opinion space, and at every time step, each agent moves to the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-06 Arnab Bhattacharyya , Kirankumar Shiragur

Models of continuous opinion dynamics under bounded confidence show a sharp transition between a consensus and a polarization phase at a critical global bound of confidence. In this paper, heterogeneous bounds of confidence are studied. The…

Physics and Society · Physics 2010-12-07 Jan Lorenz

Hegselmann--Krause models are localized, distributed averaging dynamics on spatial data. A key aspect of these dynamics is that they lead to cluster formation, which has important applications in geographic information systems, dynamic…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-08-14 Partha S. Dey , S. Rasoul Etesami , Aditya S. Gopalan

In opinion dynamics, the convergence of the heterogeneous Hegselmann-Krause (HK) dynamics has always been an open problem for years which looks forward to any essential progress. In this short note, we prove a partial convergence conclusion…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-10 Wei Su , Yongguang Yu

We present an example of a regular opinion function which, as it evolves in accordance with the discrete-time Hegselmann-Krause bounded confidence dynamics, always retains opinions which are separated by more than two. This confirms a…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2014-03-03 Edvin Wedin , Peter Hegarty

In the Hegselmann-Krause model, an agent updates its opinion by averaging with others whose opinions differ by at most a given confidence threshold. With agents' initial opinions uniformly distributed on the unit interval, we provide a…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-08-08 Hsin-Lun Li

This paper presents a theoretical convergence analysis for an opinion-action coevolution model that integrates the opinion updating rule of the Hegselmann-Krause model with a utility-based decision-making mechanism. The model is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-08 Chen Song , Angela Fontan , Rong Su , Julien M. Hendrickx , Vladimir Cvetkovic , Karl H. Johansson

Opinion spreading in a society decides the fate of elections, the success of products, and the impact of political or social movements. The model by Hegselmann and Krause is a well-known theoretical model to study such opinion formation…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Petra Berenbrink , Martin Hoefer , Dominik Kaaser , Pascal Lenzner , Malin Rau , Daniel Schmand

The classic Hegselmann-Krause (HK) model for opinion dynam- ics consists of a set of agents on the real line, each one instructed to move, at every time step, to the mass center of all the agents within a fixed distance R. In this work, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-11-26 Chu Wang , Qianxiao Li , Weinan E , Bernard Chazelle

The Hegselmann-Krause (HK) model allows one to characterize the continuous change of agents' opinions with the bounded confidence threshold $\varepsilon$. To consider the heterogeneity of agents in characteristics, we study the HK model on…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-02-05 Yueying Zhu , Jian Jiang , Wei Li
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