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Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer electronic payment system that has rapidly grown in popularity in recent years. Usually, the complete history of Bitcoin blockchain data must be queried to acquire variables with economic meaning. This task has…

General Economics · Economics 2025-08-11 Yulin Liu , Luyao Zhang , Yinhong Zhao

A proof of the security of the Bitcoin protocol is made rigorous, and simplified in certain parts. A computational model in which an adversary can delay transmission of blocks by time $\Delta$ is considered. The protocol is generalized to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Christopher Blake , Chen Feng , Xuechao Wang , Qianyu Yu

The Bitcoin Backbone Protocol [GKL15] is an abstraction of the bitcoin proof-of-work consensus protocol. We use a model-checking tool (UPPAALSMC) to examine the concrete security of proof-ofwork consensus by varying protocol parameters and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Max DiGiacomo-Castillo , Yiyun Liang , Advay Pal , John C. Mitchell

The paper studies the linear model for Bitcoin price which includes regression features based on Bitcoin currency statistics, mining processes, Google search trends, Wikipedia pages visits. The pattern of deviation of regression model…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2022-01-11 Bohdan M. Pavlyshenko

Using blockchain technology, it is possible to create contracts that offer a reward in exchange for a trained machine learning model for a particular data set. This would allow users to train machine learning models for a reward in a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-03-01 A. Besir Kurtulmus , Kenny Daniel

Since its 2009 genesis block, the Bitcoin network has processed >1.08 billion (B) transactions representing >8.72B BTC, offering rich potential for machine learning (ML); yet, its pseudonymity and obscured flow of funds inherent in its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Vahid Jalili

In the Bitcoin system, transaction fees serve as an incentive for blockchain confirmations. In general, a transaction with a higher fee is likely to be included in the next block mined, whereas a transaction with a smaller fee or no fee may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Limeng Zhang , Rui Zhou , Qing Liu , Chengfei Liu , M. Ali Babar

Bitcoin is the first decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) electronic currency. It was created in November 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto. Nakamoto released the first implementation of the protocol in an open source client software and the genesis of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2016-04-20 Ricardo Perez-Marco

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency that features a distributed, decentralized and trustworthy mechanism, which has made Bitcoin a popular global transaction platform. The transaction efficiency among nations and the privacy benefiting from address…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-03-20 Yu-Jing Lin , Po-Wei Wu , Cheng-Han Hsu , I-Ping Tu , Shih-wei Liao

A hard-fork reconfiguration of the peer to peer Bitcoin network is described that substitutes tamper-evident logs and proof-of-stake consensus for proof-of-work consensus. The block creation rewards and transaction fees are reallocated to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-05-23 Stephen L. Reed

BitML is a process calculus to express smart contracts that can be run on Bitcoin. One of its current limitations is that, once a contract has been stipulated, the participants cannot renegotiate its terms: this prevents expressing common…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-23 Massimo Bartoletti , Maurizio Murgia , Roberto Zunino

This paper presents an agent-based artificial cryptocurrency market in which heterogeneous agents buy or sell cryptocurrencies, in particular Bitcoins. In this market, there are two typologies of agents, Random Traders and Chartists, which…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2014-06-26 Luisanna Cocco , Giulio Concas , Michele Marchesi

Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer payment system proposed by Nakamoto in 2008. Based on the Nakamoto consensus, Bagaria, Kannan, Tse, Fanti, and Viswanath proposed the Prism protocol in 2018 and showed that it achieves near-optimal blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-27 Jing Li , Dongning Guo

Bitcoin is a decentralised digital currency that relies on cryptography rather than trusted third parties such as central banks for its security. Underpinning the operation of the currency is a peer-to-peer (P2P) network that facilitates…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-05-29 James Tapsell , Raja Naeem Akram , Konstantinos Markantonakis

Anonymity in Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer electronic currency system, is a complicated issue. Within the system, users are identified by public-keys only. An attacker wishing to de-anonymize its users will attempt to construct the one-to-many…

Physics and Society · Physics 2012-05-08 Fergal Reid , Martin Harrigan

A key challenge for Bitcoin cryptocurrency holders, such as startups using ICOs to raise funding, is managing their FX risk. Specifically, a misinformed decision to convert Bitcoin to fiat currency could, by itself, cost USD millions. In…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2018-05-15 Cuneyt Akcora , Matthew Dixon , Yulia Gel , Murat Kantarcioglu

This paper surveys innovative protocols that enhance the programming functionality of the Bitcoin blockchain, a key part of the "Bitcoin Ecosystem." Bitcoin utilizes the Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) model and a stack-based script…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Guofu Liao , Taotao Wang , Qing Yang , Yihan Xia , Long Shi , Xiang Zhao , Xiaoxiao Wu , Shengli Zhang , Anthony Chan , Richard Yuen

Bitcoin is an immutable permissionless blockchain system that has been extensively used as a public bulletin board by many different applications that heavily relies on its immutability. However, Bitcoin's immutability is not without its…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-10 Dominic Deuber , Bernardo Magri , Sri Aravinda Krishnan Thyagarajan

This paper offers a survey of uppaalsmc, a major extension of the real-time verification tool uppaal. uppaalsmc allows for the efficient analysis of performance properties of networks of priced timed automata under a natural stochastic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-07-06 Peter Bulychev , Alexandre David , Kim Gulstrand Larsen , Marius Mikučionis , Danny Bøgsted Poulsen , Axel Legay , Zheng Wang

Bitcoin is the first successful decentralized global digital cash system. Its mining process requires intense computational resources, therefore its usefulness remains a disputable topic. We aim to solve three problems with Bitcoin and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-08-25 Alexander Chepurnoy , Mario Larangeira , Alexander Ojiganov