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Quantum cryptography or, more precisely, quantum key distribution (QKD), is one of the advanced areas in the field of quantum technologies. The confidentiality of keys distributed with the use of QKD protocols is guaranteed by the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-30 A. S. Trushechkin , E. O. Kiktenko , D. A. Kronberg , A. K. Fedorov

With the rapid development of quantum computers the currently secure cryptographic protocols may not stay that way. Quantum mechanics provides means to create an inherently secure communication channel that is protected by the laws of…

Popular Physics · Physics 2022-12-01 Andrew Frigyik

Any Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol consists first of sequences of measurements that produce some correlation between classical data. We show that these correlation data must violate some Bell inequality in order to contain…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Antonio Acin , Nicolas Gisin , Lluis Masanes

We establish a security proof of frequency-time coding quantum key distribution (FT-QKD) protocol by showing its connection to the squeezed state quantum key distribution protocol, which has been proven to be unconditionally secure. We also…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-18 Bing Qi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows for communication with security guaranteed by quantum theory. The main theoretical problem in QKD is to calculate the secret key rate for a given protocol. Analytical formulas are known for protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-24 Patrick J. Coles , Eric M. Metodiev , Norbert Lütkenhaus

It is repeatedly and persistently claimed in the literature that a specific trace criterion $d$ would guarantee universal composition security in quantum cryptography. Currently that is the sole basis of unconditional security claim in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-16 Horace P. Yuen

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a revolutionary cryptography response to the rapidly growing cyberattacks threat posed by quantum computing. Yet, the roadblock limiting the vast expanse of secure quantum communication is the exponential…

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is based on the laws of quantum mechanics to enable provably secure communication. Despite its theoretical security promise, practical QKD systems are vulnerable to serious attacks, including side-channel…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-21 Syed M. Arslan , Saif Al-Kuwari , M. T. Rahim , Hashir Kuniyal

Quantum key distribution (QKD) establishes secure links between remote communication parties. As a key problem for various QKD protocols, security analysis gives the amount of secure keys regardless of the eavesdropper's computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-26 Hongyi Zhou , Toshihiko Sasaki , Masato Koashi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) gradually has become a crucial element of practical secure communication. In different scenarios, the security analysis of genuine QKD systems is complicated. A universal secret key rate calculation method,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-13 Zehong Chang , Fumin Wang , Xiaoli Wang , Xiaofei Liu , Rongqian Wu , Yi lv , Pei Zhang

Practical implementations of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) often deviate from the theoretical protocols, exposing the implementations to various attacks even when the underlying (ideal) protocol is proven secure. We present new analysis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-20 Ittay Alfassi , Ran Gelles , Rotem Liss , Tal Mor

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics to establish secret keys. The central task in the study of QKD is to prove security in the presence of an eavesdropper with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-14 Sirui Peng , Xiaoming Sun , Hongyi Zhou

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) stands as a revolutionary approach to secure communication, using the principles of quantum mechanics to establish unbreakable channels. Unlike traditional cryptography, which relies on the computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Alec L. Riso , Karthik Thyagarajan , Connor Whiting , Katherine Jimenez

Quantum cryptography exploits principles of quantum physics for the secure processing of information. A prominent example is secure communication, i.e., the task of transmitting confidential messages from one location to another. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-13 Christopher Portmann , Renato Renner

Quantum key distribution (QKD) theoretically offers unconditional security. Unfortunately, the gap between theory and practice threatens side-channel attacks on practical QKD systems. Many well-known QKD protocols use weak coherent laser…

The phenomenon of quantum erasure has long intrigued physicists, but has surprisingly found limited practical application. Here, we propose an erasure-based protocol for quantum key distribution (QKD) that promises inherent security against…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-24 Hatim Salih

Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers a way for establishing information-theoretically secure communications. An important part of QKD technology is a high-quality random number generator (RNG) for quantum states preparation and for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-24 A. S. Trushechkin , P. A. Tregubov , E. O. Kiktenko , Y. V. Kurochkin , A. K. Fedorov

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure key generation method between two distant parties by wisely exploiting properties of quantum mechanics. In QKD, experimental measurement outcomes on quantum states are transformed by the two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-03-01 Chi-Hang Fred Fung , Xiongfeng Ma , H. F. Chau

Typical security proofs for quantum key distribution (QKD) rely on having some model for the devices, with the security guarantees implicitly relying on the values of various parameters of the model, such as dark count rates or detector…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-22 Ernest Y. -Z. Tan , Shlok Nahar

A simple counter-example is given on the prevalent interpretation of the trace distance criterion as failure probability in quantum key distribution protocols. A summary of its ramifications is listed.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-08-21 Horace Yuen