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Binary Neural Networks (BiNNs), which employ single-bit precision weights, have emerged as a promising solution to reduce memory usage and power consumption while maintaining competitive performance in large-scale systems. However, training…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Luca Nepote , Alix Lhéritier , Nicolas Bondoux , Marios Kountouris , Maurizio Filippone

We consider an unknown multivariate function representing a system-such as a complex numerical simulator-taking both deterministic and uncertain inputs. Our objective is to estimate the set of deterministic inputs leading to outputs whose…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-09 Romain Ait Abdelmalek-Lomenech , Julien Bect , Vincent Chabridon , Emmanuel Vazquez

Measurements of quantum systems can be used to generate classical data that is truly unpredictable for every observer. However, this true randomness needs to be discriminated from randomness due to ignorance or lack of control of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-14 Felix Bischof , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

We propose a novel modular debiasing technique applicable to any discrete random source, addressing the fundamental challenge of reliably extracting high-quality randomness from inherently imperfect physical processes. The method involves…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2025-05-12 Eduardo Gueron

Random numbers are incredibly important in a variety of fields, and the need for their validation remains important for safety. A Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) can theoretically generate truly random numbers, however their quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Rishabh Goel , YiZi Xiao , Ramin Ramezani

Linear-feedback shift register (LFSR) based pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) has applications in a plethora of fields. The issue of being linear is generally circumvented by introducing non-linearities as per the required applications,…

Pseudo-random number generators are widely used in many branches of science, mainly in applications related to Monte Carlo methods, although they are deterministic in design and, therefore, unsuitable for tackling fundamental problems in…

Recent advances in practical quantum computing have led to a variety of cloud-based quantum computing platforms that allow researchers to evaluate their algorithms on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. A common property of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-18 Raoul Heese , Moritz Wolter , Sascha Mücke , Lukas Franken , Nico Piatkowski

Random numbers have significant applications in fundamental science, high-level scientific research, cryptography, and several other areas where there is a pressing need for high-quality random numbers. We present an experimental…

A Bernoulli factory is a model for randomness manipulation that transforms an initial Bernoulli random variable into another Bernoulli variable by applying a predetermined function relating the output bias to the input one. In literature,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Francesco Hoch , Taira Giordani , Gonzalo Carvacho , Nicolò Spagnolo , Fabio Sciarrino

Randomized benchmarking (RB) is an efficient and robust method to characterize gate errors in quantum circuits. Averaging over random sequences of gates leads to estimates of gate errors in terms of the average fidelity. These estimates are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-11 Jonas Helsen , Joel J. Wallman , Steven T. Flammia , Stephanie Wehner

Generative quantum machine learning models are trained to deduce the probability distribution underlying a given dataset, and to produce new, synthetic samples from it. The majority of such models proposed in the literature, like the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-25 Michael Krebsbach , Florentin Reiter , Thomas Wellens , Hagen-Henrik Kowalski , Ali Abedi

Variational quantum algorithms, optimized using gradient-based methods, often exhibit sub-optimal convergence performance due to their dependence on Euclidean geometry. Quantum natural gradient descent (QNGD) is a more efficient method that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-05 Mohammad Aamir Sohail , Mohsen Heidari , S. Sandeep Pradhan

Quantum computers can be considered as a natural means for performing machine learning tasks for inherently quantum labeled data. Many quantum machine learning techniques have been developed for solving classification problems, such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-24 Andrey Kardashin , Yerassyl Balkybek , Vladimir V. Palyulin , Konstantin Antipin

In the study of quantum random number generators (QRNGs), the problem of random signal digitization is often not considered in detail. However, in the context of a standalone QRNG device, this issue is very important. In this paper, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-21 Roman Shakhovoy

The ability to calculate precise likelihood ratios is fundamental to many STEM areas, such as decision-making theory, biomedical science, and engineering. However, there is no assumption-free statistical methodology to achieve this. For…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-06-19 Rachael L. Bond , Yang-Hui He , Thomas C. Ormerod

In this study, a compact and low-power-consumption quantum random number generator (QRNG) based on a laser diode and silicon photonics integrated hybrid chip is proposed and verified experimentally. The hybrid chip's size is 8.8*2.6*1 mm3,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-23 Xuyang Wang , Tao Zheng , Yanxiang Jia , Qianru Zhao , Yu Zhang , Yuqi Shi , Ning Wang , Zhenguo Lu , Jun Zou , Yongmin Li

The generation of random numbers via quantum processes is an efficient and reliable method to obtain true indeterministic random numbers that are of vital importance to cryptographic communication and large-scale computer modeling. However,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 J. Y. Haw , S. M. Assad , A. M. Lance , N. H. Y. Ng , V. Sharma , P. K. Lam , T. Symul

Quantum Random Number Generators provide true physical randomness based on quantum processes, essential for cryptographic and scientific applications. However, practical implementations face challenges in robustness and verifiability:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Rodrigo Piera , Gianluca De Santis , Agustin Sanchez , Yury Kurochkin , James A. Grieve

A cloud quantum computer is similar to a random number generator in that its physical mechanism is inaccessible to its users. In this respect, a cloud quantum computer is a black box. In both devices, its users decide the device condition…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-23 Kentaro Tamura , Yutaka Shikano