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This paper presents the generalized optimal sub-pattern assignment (GOSPA) metric on the space of finite sets of targets. Compared to the well-established optimal sub-pattern assignment (OSPA) metric, GOSPA is unnormalized as a function of…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Abu Sajana Rahmathullah , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Lennart Svensson

In this paper, we propose a new metric which measures the distance between two finite sets of tracks (a track is a path of either a real or estimated target). This metric is based on the same principle as the Optimal Subpattern Assignment…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-04-17 Tuyet Vu , Rob Evans

This paper proposes and evaluates a new metric. This metric will overcome a limitation of the Optimal Subpattern Assignment (OSPA) metric mentioned by Schuhmacher et al.: the OSPA distance between two sets of points is insensitive to the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-27 Tuyet Vu

This paper presents an analysis on sensor management using a cost function based on a multi-target metric, in particular, the optimal subpattern-assignment (OSPA) metric, the unnormalised OSPA (UOSPA) metric and the generalised OSPA (GOSPA)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-09 Ángel F. García-Fernández , Marcel Hernandez , Simon Maskell

This paper presents a generalization of the trajectory general optimal sub-pattern assignment (GOSPA) metric for evaluating multi-object tracking algorithms that provide trajectory estimates with track-level uncertainties. This metric…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-19 Yuxuan Xia , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Johan Karlsson , Yu Ge , Lennart Svensson , Ting Yuan

This paper is concerned with sensor management for target search and track using the generalised optimal subpattern assignment (GOSPA) metric. Utilising the GOSPA metric to predict future system performance is computationally challenging,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-19 Marcel Hernandez , Angel Garcia-Fernandez , Simon Maskell

Multi-object tracking algorithms are deployed in various applications, each with different performance requirements. For example, track switches pose significant challenges for offline scene understanding, as they hinder the accuracy of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-29 Jan Krejčí , Oliver Kost , Ondřej Straka , Yuxuan Xia , Lennart Svensson , Ángel F. García-Fernández

A large-scale multi-object tracker based on the generalised labeled multi-Bernoulli (GLMB) filter is proposed. The algorithm is capable of tracking a very large, unknown and time-varying number of objects simultaneously, in the presence of…

Computation · Statistics 2018-04-19 Michael Beard , Ba Tuong Vo , Ba-Ngu Vo

This paper proposes a metric to measure the dissimilarity between graphs that may have a different number of nodes. The proposed metric extends the generalised optimal subpattern assignment (GOSPA) metric, which is a metric for sets, to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Jinhao Gu , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Robert E. Firth , Lennart Svensson

This paper introduces two quasi-metrics for performance assessment of multi-object tracking (MOT) algorithms. One quasi-metric is an extension of the generalised optimal subpattern assignment (GOSPA) metric and measures the discrepancy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Ángel F. García-Fernández , Jinhao Gu , Lennart Svensson , Yuxuan Xia , Jan Krejčí , Oliver Kost , Ondřej Straka

In multiple target tracking, it is important to be able to evaluate the performance of different tracking algorithms. The trajectory generalized optimal sub-pattern assignment metric (TGOSPA) is a recently proposed metric for such…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-23 Viktor Nevelius Wernholm , Alfred Wärnsäter , Axel Ringh

This paper presents a probabilistic generalization of the Generalized Optimal Sub-Pattern Assignment (GOSPA) metric, termed P-GOSPA. The GOSPA metric has been widely used to evaluate the distance between finite sets, particularly in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-17 Yuxuan Xia , Ángel F. García-Fernández , Johan Karlsson , Kuo-Chu Chang , Ting Yuan , Lennart Svensson

Visual tracking algorithms are naturally adopted in various applications, there have been several benchmarks and many tracking algorithms, more expected to appear in the future. In this report, I focus on single object tracking and revisit…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Zan Huang

The paper evaluates the error performance of three random finite set based multi-object trackers in the context of pedestrian video tracking. The evaluation is carried out using a publicly available video dataset of 4500 frames (town centre…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2012-11-26 Branko Ristic , Jamie Sherrah , Ángel F. García-Fernández

Multi-label ranking maps instances to a ranked set of predicted labels from multiple possible classes. The ranking approach for multi-label learning problems received attention for its success in multi-label classification, with one of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Emine Dari , V. Bugra Yesilkaynak , Alican Mertan , Gozde Unal

In this paper, we propose a metric on the space of finite sets of trajectories for assessing multi-target tracking algorithms in a mathematically sound way. The main use of the metric is to compare estimates of trajectories from different…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Ángel F. García-Fernández , Abu Sajana Rahmathullah , Lennart Svensson

Multi-Object Tracking (MOT) has been notoriously difficult to evaluate. Previous metrics overemphasize the importance of either detection or association. To address this, we present a novel MOT evaluation metric, HOTA (Higher Order Tracking…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Jonathon Luiten , Aljosa Osep , Patrick Dendorfer , Philip Torr , Andreas Geiger , Laura Leal-Taixe , Bastian Leibe

In this paper, we introduce the Targeted Multiobjective Dijkstra Algorithm (T-MDA), a label setting algorithm for the One-to-One Multiobjective Shortest Path (MOSP) Problem. The T-MDA is based on the recently published Multiobjective…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-12-21 Pedro Maristany de las Casas , Luitgard Kraus , Antonio Sedeño-Noda , Ralf Borndörfer

In this paper, we show the spooky effect at a distance that arises in optimal estimation of multiple targets with the optimal sub-pattern assignment (OSPA) metric. This effect refers to the fact that if we have several independent potential…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-08-26 Ángel F. García-Fernández , Lennart Svensson

We introduce the Graph TT (GTT) and Graph OSPA (GOSPA) metrics based on optimal assignment, which allow us to compare not only the edge structures but also general vertex and edge attributes of graphs of possibly different sizes. We argue…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-08-24 Dominic Schuhmacher , Leoni Carla Wirth
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