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In this paper we review the physics opportunities at linear $e^+e^-$ colliders with a special focus on high centre-of-mass energies and beam polarisation, take a fresh look at the various accelerator technologies available or under…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2025-12-24 H. Abramowicz , E. Adli , F. Alharthi , M. Almanza-Soto , M. M. Altakach , W. Altmannshofer , S. Ampudia Castelazo , D. Angal-Kalinin , J. A. Anguiano , R. B. Appleby , O. Apsimon , A. Arbey , F. Arco , O. Arquero , A. Aryshev , S. Asai , D. Attie , J. L. Avila-Jimenez , H. Baer , J. A. Bagger , Y. Bai , I. R. Bailey , C. Balazs , P. Bambade , T. Barklow , J. Baudot , P. Bechtle , T. Behnke , A. B. Bellerive , S. Belomestnykh , Y. Benhammou , J. Berenguer-Antequera , M. Berger , M. Berggren , M. Bertucci , M. Besancon , D. Bett , P. -C. Bhat , T. Biekoetter , S. Bilanishvili , B. Bilki , B. Bilki , J. Bjorklund Svensson , V. M. Bjelland , C. Blanch , B. Bliewert , M. Boehler , S. Boogert , M. Boronat , V. Boudry , D. Bourilkov , I. Bozovic , J. Braathen , J. E. Brau , C. Breuning , J. -C. Brient , I. Brock , B. Brudnowski , K. Buesser , E. Bulyak , P. N. Burrows , G. Burt , O. Cakir , A. Caldwell , A. C. Canbay , F. G. Celiberto , E. Cenni , I. Chaikovska , R. Chehab , G. Chen , J. B. B. Chen , T. Chikamatsu , V. Cilento , P. Colas , M. Coman , L. Corner , F. Cornet , F. Cornet-Gomez , F. Corriveau , R. Corsini , J. Cvach , R. D'Arcy , C. Damerell , A. Das , S. Dasu , J. de Blas , E. Del Core , M. Demarteau , H. Denizli , R. Dermisek , A. Dhar , S. Dittmaier , F. Djurabekova , E. M. Donegani , A. Doyle , P. Drobniak , T. A. du Pree , B. Dudar , H. Duran Yildiz , G. Durieux , J. Dutta , S. Easo , G. Eckerlin , U. Einhaus , C. Emma , E. Esarey , D. Esperante , D. Espriu , L. R Evans , J. Farmer , A. Faus Golfe , M. Fernandez , J. C. Fernandez-Ortega , M. Formela , A. Formenti , L. J. Forrester , B. Foster , N. Fourches , M. C. Fouz , A. Freitas , C. D. Fu , K. Fujii , J. Fujimoto , B. Fuks , J. Fuster , N. Fuster-Martinez , M. Gabelmann , F. Gaede , M. Galletti , E. Gallo , S. Ganjour , M. V. Garzelli , R. L. Geng , S. Gessner , I. D. Gialamas , B. Gimeno , J. Goldstein , M. Goncerz , A. J. Gonsalves , F. J. Gonzalez , D. Gonzalez-Iglesias , S. Gori , J. Grames , P. Grannis , L. Gray , G. Grenier , H. Guler , H. E. Haber , K. Hamaguchi , N. Hamann , O. Hartbrich , N. M. Hartman , G. Huetsi , S. Heinemeyer , G. Heinrich , C. Hensel , K. Hidaka , S. Hirose , A. H. Hoang , M. J. Hogan , W. Hollik , Y. Horii , R. Hosokawa , S. Huang , D. Hynds , M. I. Idzik , S. Iguro , Y. Iiyama , K. Ikematsu , A. Irles , A. Ishikawa , M. Ishino , I. P. Ivanov , Y. Iwashita , M. Jacewicz , R. Jaramillo , D. Jeans , C. Jing , R. M Jones , W. Kaabi , M. Kagan , J. Kalinowski , D. K Kalvik , J. Kaminski , S. Kanemura , K. Kannike , A. Karam , Y. Kato , K. Kawagoe , D. Kaefer , L. Kennedy , J. Kersten , S. A. Khan , V. A. Khoze , W. Kilian , J. Klamka , P. Kluit , K. Kong , P. Koppenburg , A. Korsun , A. V. Kotwal , S. Kraml , K. Krueger , K. Kubo , T. Kubo , M. Kucharczyk , S. Kuday , A. Kumar , N. Kumar , M. Kurata , Y. Kurihara , M. Kuriki , J. Kvasnicka , K. Kyoya , I. Laktineh , A. Latina , F. LeDiberder , A. Levy , M. Liepe , C. A. Lindstroem , J. List , B. List , M. Litos , V. N. Litvinenko , A. Lopez-Virto , X. Lu , T. Luo , M. Lupberger , B. Madison , T. Madlener , J. Maeda , F. Mahmoudi , E. Maina , N. Majernik , R. Margraf-O'Neal , T. W. Markiewicz , P. Martin-Luna , A. Martens , V. J. Martin , L. Marzola , V. I. Maslov , K. T. Matchev , S. Matsumoto , K. Mawatari , J. P. Marquez , M. M. Muehlleitner , A. McIlvenny , P. A. McIntosh , K. Mekala , D. Melini , F. Meloni , A. Menandez , S. Michizono , K. Mimasu , V. Miralles , W. Mitaroff , V. A. Mitsou , L. Monaco , G. Moortgat-Pick , M. Moreno-Llcer , T. Mori , J. M. Moron , S. Morton , D. Moya , M. Mulder , P. Munbodh , H. Murayama , E. Musumeci , V. V. Mytrochenko , N. Nagata , E. Nagy , T. Nakada , J. Nakajima , K. Nakamura , E. A. Nanni , E. Nardi , S. Narita , M. T. Nunez Pardo de Vera , M. Nojiri , D. Ntounis , A. Ody , O. M. Ogreid , T. Ohl , Y. Okada , C. Oleari , M. Olvegard , M. Omet , T. Omori , Y. Onel , H. Ono , W. Ootani , C. Orero , J. Osborne , K. Osterberg , J. Osterhoff , M. Ouchemhou , Q. Ouyang , S. Pagan Griso , R. Paparella , S. C. Park , J. Pata , J. R. Patterson , R. Poeschl , F. Pena , L. K Pedraza-Motavita , M. E. Peskin , F. Pilat , P. Piot , S. Plaetzer , I. Polak , W. Porod , K. Potamianos , C. T. Potter , P. Poulose , J. G. Power , D. Protopopescu , H. R. Qi , J. Rabara Bailey , A. Racioppi , M. Raidal , J. P. Ralston , A. Rastogi , L. Reichenbach , L. Reichwein , L. Reina , J. Reuter , F. Richard , S. Riemann , R. A. Rimmer , T. Robens , A. Robson , G. Rodrigo , C. S. Rogan , J. Rojo , M. Q. Ruan , S. Rudrabhatla , A. Ruiz Jimeno , T. Saeki , H. Sakai , Y. Sakaki , F. Salvatore , T. Sanuki , S. Sasikumar , T Schoerner , A. Scheinker , C. B. Schroeder , S. Schroeder , I. Schulthess , M. Schumacher , A. Schwartzman , Y. Seiya , A. Senol , H. Sert , D. Sertore , A. Seryi , T. Shidara , K. Sjobak , I. Smiljanic , S. Spannagel , M. Spira , M. Stanitzki , S. Stapnes , D. Storey , J. Strube , S. Su , A. Subba , A. Subba , T. Suehara , H. Sugawara , K. Sugizaki , Z. Sun , R. Szafron , T. Takahashi , T. Takeshita , T. Tauchi , G. Taylor , N. Terunuma , D. Terzani , T. Teubner , J. Tian , J. Timmermans , M. Titov , R. Tomas Garcia , T. Tong , J. M. Torndal , M. Trautwein , A. Tricoli , K. Tsumura , B. Tuchming , D. Tuckler , I. Turk Cakir , M. Tytgat , A. Ukleja , C. Vallee , R. Van Kooten , J. van Tilborg , A. Vauth , M. Vellasco , C. Vernieri , L. Verra , M. Vicente Barreto Pinto , I. Vidakovic , H. Videau , E. Viklund , I. Vila , M. Villaplana , M. Vos , N. Vukasinovic , N. Walker , K. Wandall-Christensen , Y. Wang , B. F. L. Ward , Z. Was , T. Watanabe , N. K. Watson , G. Weiglein , J. D. Wells , H. Wennloef , M. Wenskat , S. Westhoff , J. W. Wetzel , A. P. White , P. H. Williams , M. Williams , G. W. Wilson , M. Wing , M. Winter , A. Winter , T. Wojton , J. C. Wood , W. Wuensch , X. Xia , K. Yagyu , K. Yamamoto , Y. Yamamoto , H. Yamamoto , A. Yamamoto , S. Yamashita , M. Yamauchi , K. Yokoya , M. Yoshioka , J. Zalesak , A. F. Zarnecki , K. Zembaczynski , D. Zerwas , J. Zhang , Y. Zhang , W. Zhang , Y. -M. Zhong , M. Zielinski , M. Zobov

In heavy-ion collisions at relativistic energies, the incident nuclei travel at nearly the speed of light. These collisions deposit kinetic energy into the overlap region and create a high-temperature environment where hadrons ``melt'' into…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2025-12-02 Diyu Shen , Jinhui Chen , Xu-Guang Huang , Yu-Gang Ma , Aihong Tang , Gang Wang

A high energy photon collider (gamma-gamma, gamma-electron) based on backward Compton scattering of laser light is a very natural supplement to e+e- a linear collider and can significantly enrich the physics program. The region below about…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2009-10-31 Valery Telnov

Novel emergent phenomena are expected to occur under conditions exceeding the QED critical electric field, where the vacuum becomes unstable to electron-positron pair production. The required intensity to reach this regime,…

Exploiting high-energy electron beams colliding into high-intensity laser pulses brings an opportunity to reach high values of the dimensionless rest-frame acceleration $\chi$ and thereby invoke processes described by strong-field quantum…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2023-03-02 Christoffer Olofsson , Arkady Gonoskov

Recently, advancements in high-intensity laser technology have enabled the exploration of non-perturbative Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) in strong-field regimes. Notable aspects include non-linear Compton scattering and Breit-Wheeler pair…

The LUXE (Laser Und XFEL Experiment) aims at studying high-field QED in electron-laser and photon-laser interactions, with the 16.5 GeV electron beam of the European XFEL and a laser beam with a power of up to 350 TW. The experiment will…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2023-08-23 Adrián Irles

The field of laser-matter interaction traditionally deals with the response of atoms, molecules and plasmas to an external light wave. However, the recent sustained technological progress is opening up the possibility of employing intense…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2012-08-20 A. Di Piazza , C. Müller , K. Z. Hatsagortsyan , C. H. Keitel

This paper describes a comprehensive experimental study on viability and prospects for the measurement of electroweak observables in $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow b\bar{b}$ and $e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow c\bar{c}$ processes at the International Linear…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2023-12-20 A. Irles , R. Pöschl , F. Richard

The combination of energetic electron beams, delivered from conventional accelerators at a high repetition rate, and ultraintense lasers, makes it possible to perform precision measurements of strong-field QED. The LUXE collaboration aims…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2022-05-18 Alexander J. Macleod

The detection of light dark matter (DM) is a longstanding challenge in terrestrial experiments. High-intensity facility of an intense electromagnetic field may provide a plausible strategy to study strong-field particle physics and search…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-09-03 Kai Ma , Tong Li

New laser facilities will reach intensities of $10^{23} \textrm{W cm}^{-2}$. This advance enables novel experimental setups in the study of laser-plasma interaction. In these setups with extreme fields quantum electrodynamic (QED) effects…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2022-10-14 Marko Filipovic , Alexander Pukhov

The future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) is a proposed new facility to collide high-energy electrons with beams of polarized protons/light nuclei and unpolarized nuclei. We overview the goals of the project and key measurements at the EIC. We…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2010-01-15 V. Guzey

The vast majority of QED results are obtained in relatively weak fields and so in the framework of perturbation theory. However, forthcoming laser facilities providing extremely high fields can be used to enter not-yet-studied regimes.…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2019-07-01 C. Baumann , E. N. Nerush , A. Pukhov , I. Yu. Kostyukov

Extending earlier investigations, we analyze the quasi-elastic scattering of strongly interacting electroweak bosons at high-energy e+-e- colliders. The three processes e+e- -> bar-nu nu W+W-, bar-nu nu ZZ, and e-e- -> W-W- are examined at…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-31 E. Boos , H. -J. He , W. Kilian , A. Pukhov , C. -P. Yuan , P. M. Zerwas

The laser of an intense electromagnetic field promotes the studies of strong-field particle physics in high-intensity frontier. Particle accelerator facilities in the world produce high-quality muon and proton beams. In this work, we…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-01-21 Tong Li , Kai Ma , Man Yuan

A linear electron-positron collider operating at TeV scale energies will provide high precision measurements and allow, for example, precision studies of the Higgs boson as well as searches for physics beyond the standard model. A future…

Accelerator Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Erik Adli

This paper begins with a summary of the status of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, including the lead-ion injector chain and the plans for the first phases of commissioning and operation with colliding proton beams. In a later phase, the…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2011-09-02 John M. Jowett

The International Large Detector, ILD, is a detector concept for an experiment at a future high energy lepton collider. The detector has been optimised for precision physics in a range of energies from 90~GeV to about 1~TeV. ILD features a…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2025-06-09 H. Abramowicz , D. Ahmadi , J. Alcaraz , O. Alonso , L. Andricek , J. Anguiano , O. Arquero , F. Arteche , D. Attie , O. Bach , M. Basso , J. Baudot , A. Bean , T. Behnke , A. Bellerive , Y. Benhammou , M. Berggren , G. Bertolone , M. Besancon , A. Besson , O. Bezshyyko , G. Blazey , B. Bliewert , J. Bonis , R. Bosley , V. Boudry , C. Bourgeois , I. Bozovic Jelisavcic , D. Breton , J. -C. Brient , B. Brudnowski , V. Buescher , K. Buesser , P. Buhmann , M. Böhler , S. Callier , E. Calvo Alamillo , M. Cepeda , S. Chen , G. Claus , P. Colas , C. Colledani , C. Combaret , R. Cornat , F. Corriveau , J. Cvach , C. De La Taille , K. Desch , H. Diao , A. Dieguez , R. Diener , A. Dorokhov , A. Drutskoy , B. Dudar , A. Dyshkant , I. Echeverria , U. Einhaus , Z. El Bitar , A. Escalante del Valle , M. Fernandez , M. Firlej , T. Fiutowski , I. Fleck , N. Fourches , M. C. Fouz , K. Francis , C. Fu , K. Fujii , T. Fusayasu , J. Fuster , K. Gadow , F. Gaede , J. Galindo , A. Gallas , S. Ganjour , E. Garutti , I. Giomataris , M. Goffe , A. Gonnin , F. González , O. Gonzalez Lopez , I. Gregor , G. Grenier , P. Göttlicher , F. Hartjes , J. Heilman , C. Hensel , S. Hidalgo , A. Himmi , Y. Horii , R. Hosokawa , C. Huo-Guo , M. Idzik , M. Iglesias , F. Ikeda , A. Irles , A. Ishikawa , M. Iwasaki , K. Jaaskelainen , R. Jaramillo , D. Jeans , J. Jeglot , L. Jönsson , G. Kacarevic , M. Kachel , J. Kalinowski , J. Kaminski , Y. Kamiya , T. Kamiyama , Y. Kato , K. Kawagoe , S. A. Khan , J. Klamka , P. Kluit , M. Kobayashi , K. Kong , A. Korol , P. Koppenburg , K. Krüger , M. Kuriki , J. Kvasnicka , D. Lacour , I. Laktineh , A. Laudrain , F. LeDiberder , A. Levy , I. Levy , W. Li , B. List , J. List , J. Liu , A. Lopez Virto , M. Lopez , Y. Lu , B. Lundberg , J. Maalmi , B. Madison , T. Madlener , A. Martens , S. Martens , I. Masamune , L. Masetti , H. Mathez , A. Matsushita , K. McDonald , K. Mekala , G. Milutinovic Dumbelovic , W. Minori , L. Mirabito , W. Mitaroff , V. Mitsou , U. Mjörnmark , T. Mogi , G. Moortgat-Pick , F. Morel , T. Mori , S. Morimasa , J. Moron , D. Moya , T. Murata , E. Musumeci , J. Márquez Hernández , J. Nakajima , E. Nakano , J. Nanni , S. Narita , J. Nilsson , J. Ninkovic , D. Ntounis , T. Nunez , H. Ogawa , K. Oikawa , Y. Okugawa , T. Omori , H. Ono , W. Ootani , C. Orero , A. Oskarsson , L. Osterman , Q. Ouyang , T. Pasquier , G. Pellegrini , H. Pham , J. Piedrafita , I. Polak , A. Pradas , V. Prahl , T. Price , J. Puerta Pelayo , R. Pöschl , H. Qi , Y. Radkhorrami , G. Raven , L. Reichenbach , M. Reinecke , E. Reynolds , F. Richard , R. Richter , S. Ritter , C. Rogan , J. Rolph , A. Rosmanitz , C. Royon , M. Ruan , S. Rudrabhatla , A. Ruiz-Jimeno , A. Sajbel , R. Sakakibara , I. Salehinia , T. Sanuki , H. Sato , C. Schmitt , T. Schoerner-Sadenius , M. Schumacher , V. Schwan , O. Schäfer , F. Sefkow , T. Seino , S. Senyukov , R. Settles , Z. Shen , A. Shoji , F. Simon , I. Smiljanic , M. Specht , T. Suehara , R. Sugawara , A. Sugiyama , Z. Sun , P. Svihra , K. Swientek , T. Takahashi , T. Takatsu , T. Takeshita , S. Tapprogge , P. Terlecki , A. Thiebault , J. Tian , J. Timmermans , M. Titov , L. Tomasek , J. Torndal , B. Tuchming , M. Tytgat , W. Vaginay , I. Valin , C. Vallee , R. van Kooten , H. van der Graaf , C. Vernieri , I. Vidakovic , H. Videau , I. Vila , A. Vilà , M. Vos , N. Vukasinovic , J. Wang , R. Wanke , K. Watanabe , T. Watanabe , N. Watson , J. Wellhausen , U. Werthenbach , G. Wilson , M. Wing , A. Winter , M. Winter , H. Yamamoto , K. Yamamoto , R. Yonamine , T. Yonemoto , J. Zalesak , A. F. Zarnecki , C. Zeitnitz , K. Zembaczynski , D. Zerwas , Y. Zhang , F. Zomer , V. Zutshi

Advances in ultra-intense laser technology are enabling, for the first time, relativistic intensities at mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelengths. Anticipating further experimental research in this domain, we present high-resolution two…