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Hamiltonian gravity, relying on arbitrary choices of "space," can obscure spacetime symmetries. We present an alternative, manifestly spacetime covariant formulation that nonetheless distinguishes between "spatial" and "temporal" variables.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-11-12 Steffen Gielen , Derek K. Wise

A recently proposed variational approach for general relativity where, in addition to the metric tensor, two independent affine connections enter the action as dynamical variables, is revised. Field equations always reduce to the Einstein…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-02-22 Nicola Tamanini

We provide a gauge-invariant theory of gravitation in the context of Weyl Integrable Space-Times. After making a brief review of the theory's postulates, we carefully define the observers' proper-time and point out its relation with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-10-31 F. P. Poulis , J. M. Salim

In Tensor Field Theory (TFT), observables are defined through tensor field contractions that produce unitary invariants for complex-valued tensor fields. Traditionally, these observables are constructed using tensor fields of a fixed order…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2025-05-20 Joseph Ben Geloun , Arnauld Solente

In $d$-dimensional de Sitter spacetime, consistency of the perturbative expansion necessitates imposing all second-order gravitational constraints associated with the $SO(1,d)$ isometry group, rather than restricting to the $\R\times…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-02-11 Bin Chen , Jie Xu

We investigate the theory of finite observables, i.e., resolutions of the finite-dimensional identity by means of positive operators, that have a physical interpretation in terms of measurement schemes. We focus on extremal and rank-one…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-01 Heinz-Jürgen Schmidt

This work places the invariant $ds^2$ at the center of the gravitational interaction, interpreting it not as a purely geometric object but as the differential of proper time, endowed with direct physical meaning. Starting from the extension…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-10 Jaume de Haro

The existence of incompatibility is one of the most fundamental features of quantum theory, and can be found at the core of many of the theory's distinguishing features, such as Bell inequality violations and the no-broadcasting theorem. A…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-27 Sergey N. Filippov , Teiko Heinosaari , Leevi Leppäjärvi

We describe a class of modified gravity theories that deform general relativity in a way that breaks time reversal invariance and, very mildly, locality. The algebra of constraints, local physical degrees of freedom, and their linearized…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-08-12 Marina Cortes , Henrique Gomes , Lee Smolin

Local observables in (perturbative) quantum gravity are notoriously hard to define, since the gauge symmetry of gravity -- diffeomorphisms -- moves points on the manifold. In particular, this is a problem for backgrounds of high symmetry…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-11-14 Markus B. Fröb , Albert Much , Kyriakos Papadopoulos

We consider the problem of adaptive observer design in the settings when the system is allowed to be nonlinear in the parameters, and furthermore they are to satisfy additional feasibility constraints. A solution to the problem is proposed…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-12-18 I. Yu. Tyukin , P. A. Rogachev , H. Nijmeijer

A cosmological time variable is emerged from the hamiltonian formulation of unimodular theory of gravity to measure the evolution of dynamical observables in the theory. A set of constants of motion has been identified for the theory on the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-05-13 Hossein Farajollahi

(Abridged Abstract) This paper deals with a number of technical achievements that are instrumental for a dis-solution of the so-called {\it Hole Argument} in general relativity. The work is carried through in metric gravity for the class of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Luca Lusanna , Massimo Pauri

We introduce in the framework of the linear approximation of General relativity a natural distinction between General gauge transformations generated by any vector field and those Special ones for which this vector field is a gradient. This…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-06-23 Ll. Bel

Classical background independence is reflected in Lagrangian general relativity through covariance under the full diffeomorphism group. We show how this independence can be maintained in a Hamilton-Jacobi approach that does not accord…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-06-22 Donald Salisbury , Jürgen Renn , Kurt Sundermeyer

This paper defines the spacetime geometry attached with observor as vacuum geometry (it defines the idea physical measurement geometry) and the spacetime geometry attached with matter as spacetime geometry. The initial spacetime geometry…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Xiao Jianuha

Singular statistical models arise whenever different parameter values induce the same distribution, leading to non-identifiability and a breakdown of classical asymptotic theory. While existing approaches analyze these phenomena in…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-04-03 Sean Plummer

We discuss theoretical formalisms concerning with experimental verification of General Relativity (GR). Non-metric generalizations of GR are considered and a system of postulates is formulated for metric-affine and Finsler gravitational…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 A. N. Alexandrov , I. B. Vavilova , V. I. Zhdanov

Finding classical canonical observables consists of taking a function space over phase space. For constrained theories, these functions must form zero brackets with a closed algebraic structure of first-class constraints. This brackets…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-10-09 Edward Anderson

Space-Time in general relativity is a dynamical entity because it is subject to the Einstein field equations. The space-time metric provides different geometrical structures: conformal, volume, projective and linear connection. A deep…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Ignacio Sanchez-Rodriguez