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Reduce and control complexity is an essential practice in software design. Cyclomatic complexity (CC) is one of the most popular software metrics, applied for more than 40 years. Despite CC is an interesting metric to highlight the number…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Hugo Tremblay , Fabio Petrillo

The complex software systems developed nowadays require assessing their quality and proneness to errors. Reducing code complexity is a never-ending problem, especially in today's fast pace of software systems development. Therefore, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Laura Diana Cernau , Laura Diosan , Camelia Serban

Software implements a significant proportion of functionality in factory automation. Thus, efficient development and the reuse of software parts, so-called units, enhance competitiveness. Thereby, complex control software units are more…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Juliane Fischer , Birgit Vogel-Heuser , Heiko Schneider , Nikolai Langer , Markus Felger , Matthias Bengel

Code complexity metrics such as cyclomatic complexity have long been used to assess software quality and maintainability. With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) on coding tasks, an important yet underexplored question…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Chen Xie , Xiaodong Gu , Yuling Shi , Beijun Shen

With even the most trivial of applications now being written on top of millions of lines code of libraries, API's, and programming languages, much of the complexity that used to exist when designing software has been abstracted away to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Charles Hathaway , Ron Eglash , Mukkai Krishnamoorthy

This paper proposes some new architectural metrics which are appropriate for evaluating the architectural attributes of a software system. The main feature of our approach is to assess the complexity of a software architecture by analyzing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Jianjun Zhao

People demand for software quality is growing increasingly, thus different scales for the software are growing fast to handle the quality of software. The software complexity metric is one of the measurements that use some of the internal…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-08-21 Yahya Tashtoush , Mohammed Al-Maolegi , Bassam Arkok

A good process model is expected not only to reflect the behavior of the process, but also to be as easy to read and understand as possible. Because preferences vary across different applications, numerous measures provide ways to reflect…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Patrizia Schalk , Adam Burke , Robert Lorenz

This paper presents a refined complexity calculus model: r-Complexity, a new asymptotic notation that offers better complexity feedback for similar programs than the traditional Bachmann-Landau notation, providing subtle insights even for…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Rares Folea , Emil-Ioan Slusanschi

Software is among the most complex endeavors of the human mind; large scale systems can have tens of millions of lines of source code. However, seldom is complexity measured above the lowest level of code, and sometimes source code files or…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2011-05-13 Alejandro Fernández

In this paper, the authors propose a software metric called Class Activeness Metric which helps to determine the level of accessibility of the members of a class when it is instantiated as objects. Object interactions need to be straight…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-09-24 Sachin Lakra , Deepak Kumar Sharma , Jugnesh Kumar , Ramesh Chandra Verma , T V Prasad

Software metric plays a vital role in quantitative assessment of any specific software development methodology and its impact on the maintenance of software. It can also be used to indicate the degree of interdependence among the components…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Parthipan S , Senthil Velan S , Chitra Babu

Software engineering activities in the Industry has come a long way with various improve- ments brought in various stages of the software development life cycle. The complexity of modern software, the commercial constraints and the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-09-08 R. Selvarani , T. R. Gopalakrishnan Nair , Muthu Ramachandran , Kamakshi Prasad

Measuring software complexity plays an important role to meet the demands of complex software. The cyclomatic complexity is one of most used and renowned metric among the other three proposed and researched metrics that are namely: Line of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-12-22 Ankita Garg

Testing Machine Learning (ML) models and AI-Infused Applications (AIIAs), or systems that contain ML models, is highly challenging. In addition to the challenges of testing classical software, it is acceptable and expected that statistical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-28 George Kour , Marcel Zalmanovici , Orna Raz , Samuel Ackerman , Ateret Anaby-Tavor

Research shows, that the major issue in development of quality software is precise estimation. Further this estimation depends upon the degree of intricacy inherent in the software i.e. complexity. This paper attempts to empirically…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2010-06-16 Ashish Sharma , D. S. Kushwaha

Software code complexity is a well-studied property to determine software component health. However, the existing code complexity metrics do not directly take into account the fault-proneness aspect of the code. We propose a metric called…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Ali Parsai , Serge Demeyer

Cognitive complexity measures quantify human difficulty in understanding the source code based on cognitive informatics foundation. The discipline derives cognitive complexity on a basis of fundamental software factors i.e, inputs, outputs,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2013-04-02 Yong-Hwa Choe , Chol-Yong Jong , Song Han

Many researchers have criticized the field of Software Complexity metrics for the lack of testing, verification, and reproducibility of many metrics and case studies that utilized those metrics. This document describes SMF, a tool that can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-11-20 Charles Hathaway

Enhancing the ability of large language models (LLMs) to follow complex instructions is critical for their deployment in real-world applications. However, existing evaluation methods often oversimplify instruction complexity as a mere…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Xiaona Xue , Yiqiao Huang , Jiacheng Li , Yuanhang Zheng , Huiqi Miao , Yunfei Ma , Rui Liu , Xinbao Sun , Minglu Liu , Fanyu Meng , Chao Deng , Junlan Feng
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