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We prove that a random distribution in two dimensions which is conformally invariant and satisfies a natural domain Markov property is a multiple of the Gaussian free field. This result holds subject only to a fourth moment assumption.

Probability · Mathematics 2020-04-24 Nathanael Berestycki , Ellen Powell , Gourab Ray

A fundamental result of free probability theory due to Voiculescu and subsequently refined by many authors states that conjugation by independent Haar-distributed random unitary matrices delivers asymptotic freeness. In this paper we…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-01-21 Greg W. Anderson , Brendan Farrell

Let $\mu$ be a compactly supported probability measure on the real line. Bercovici-Voiculescu and Nica-Speicher proved the existence of a free convolution power $\mu^{\boxplus k}$ for any real $k \geq 1$. The purpose of this short note is…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-03-17 Stefan Steinerberger

The concept of freeness was introduced by Voiculescu in the context of operator algebras. Later it was observed that it is also relevant for large random matrices. We will show how the combination of various free probability results with a…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2014-04-15 Roland Speicher

We prove a free analogue of Brillinger's formula (sometimes called "law of total cumulance") which expresses classical cumulants in terms of conditioned cumulants. As expected, the formula is obtained by replacing the lattice of set…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2013-12-20 Franz Lehner

For each positive number $\alpha$ we study the analog $\nu_alpha$ in free probability of the classical Gamma distribution with parameter $\alpha$. We prove that $\nu_\alpha$ is absolutely continuous and establish the main properties of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-02-18 Uffe Haagerup , Steen Thorbjornsen

In this paper, we prove four-moment theorems for multidimensional free Poisson limits on free Wigner chaos or the free Poisson algebra. We prove that, under mild technical conditions, a bi-indexed sequence of free stochastic integrals in…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2018-04-12 Mingchu Gao , Junsheng Fang

We study subordination of free convolutions. We prove that for free random variables $X,Y$ and a Borel function $f$ the conditional expectation $E_\varphi\left[ (z-X-f(X)Yf^*(X))^{-1}| X\right]$, is a resolvent again. This result allows…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2024-05-31 Franz Lehner , Kamil Szpojankowski

We present a novel reshuffling exchange model and investigate its long time behavior. In this model, two individuals are picked randomly, and their wealth $X_i$ and $X_j$ are redistributed by flipping a sequence of fair coins leading to a…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-01-02 Fei Cao , Nicholas F. Marshall

We establish a central limit theorem for the sum of $\epsilon$-independent random variables, extending both the classical and free probability setting. Central to our approach is the use of graphon limits to characterize the limiting…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-12-02 Guillaume Cébron , Patrick Oliveira Santos , Pierre Youssef

This is a joint introduction to classical and free probability, which are twin sisters. We first review the foundations of classical probability, notably with the main limiting theorems (CLT, CCLT, PLT, CPLT), and with a look into examples…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-08-30 Teo Banica

Free initial data for general relativity on a pair of intersecting null hypersurfaces are well known, but the lack of a Poisson bracket and concerns about caustics have stymied the development of a constraint free canonical theory. Here it…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-06-26 Michael P. Reisenberger

Bounds of the accuracy of the normal approximation to the distribution of a sum of independent random variables are improved under relaxed moment conditions, in particular, under the absence of moments of orders higher than the second.…

Probability · Mathematics 2015-07-06 V. Yu. Korolev , A. V. Dorofeeva

Rationally independent free fermions are those where sums of single-particle energies multiplied by arbitrary rational coefficients vanish only if the coefficients are all zero. This property guaranties that they have no degeneracies in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-03 Jonathon Riddell , Bruno Bertini

We investigate variance bounds under symmetry constraints in classical, free, and Boolean probability, focusing on Bernoulli distributions and their noncommutative analogues, projections with trace \(p\). We show that symmetrizers under…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-11-10 Sukrit Chakraborty

Let $X_1, X_2,\dots, X_n$ denote i.i.d.~centered standard normal random variables, then the law of the sample variance $Q_n=\sum_{i=1}^n(X_i-\bar{X})^2$ is the $\chi^2$-distribution with $n-1$ degrees of freedom. It is an open problem in…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2019-07-29 Wiktor Ejsmont , Franz Lehner

Suppose that $X\_{1}$ and $X\_{2}$ are two selfadjoint random variables that are freely independent over an operator algebra $\mathcal{B}$. We describe the possible operator atoms of the distribution of $X\_{1}+X\_{2}$ and, using…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2020-05-18 Serban Belinschi , Hari Bercovici , Weihua Liu

We study the distributional behavior of additive arithmetic functions evaluated at integers drawn from the harmonic distribution. Our main result shows that a broad family of such functions converges in law to conditioned Dickman-type…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-03 Victor Bernal Ramirez , Arturo Jaramillo

The phenomenon of superconvergence is proved for all freely infinitely divisible distributions. Precisely, suppose that the partial sums of a sequence of free identically distributed, infinitesimal random variables converge in distribution…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-03-16 Hari Bercovici , Jiun-Chau Wang , Ping Zhong

The analysis of rank ordered data has a long history in the statistical literature across a diverse range of applications. In this paper we consider the Extended Plackett-Luce model that induces a flexible (discrete) distribution over…

Applications · Statistics 2020-02-17 Stephen R. Johnson , Daniel A. Henderson , Richard J. Boys
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