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The nature of quantum computation is discussed. It is argued that, in terms of the amount of information manipulated in a given time, quantum and classical computation are equally efficient. Quantum superposition does not permit quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-06-10 A. M. Steane

An open problem in numerical analysis is to explain why molecular dynamics works. The difficulty is that numerical trajectories are only accurate for very short times, whereas the simulations are performed over long time intervals. It is…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2007-06-13 P. F. Tupper

The aim of this textbook is to bridge in regard of quantum computation what proves to be a considerable threshold even to the usual science trained readership between the level of science popularization, and on the other hand, the presently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 E. E. Rosinger

We argue that computation is an abstract algebraic concept, and a computer is a result of a morphism (a structure preserving map) from a finite universal semigroup.

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-06-11 Attila Egri-Nagy

From a theoretical point of view, finding the solution set of a system of inequalities in only two variables is easy. However, if we want to get rigorous bounds on this set with floating point arithmetic, in all possible cases, then things…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Walter F. Mascarenhas

One of the most fundamental questions in Biology or Artificial Intelligence is how the human brain performs mathematical functions. How does a neural architecture that may organise itself mostly through statistics, know what to do? One…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Kieran Greer

Constructivists (and intuitionists in general) asked what kind of mental construction is needed to convince ourselves (and others) that some mathematical statement is true. This question has a much more practical (and even cynical)…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2023-06-01 Alexander Shen

This article is a gentle introduction to the mathematical area known as circle packing, the study of the kinds of patterns that can be formed by configurations of non-overlapping circles. The first half of the article is an exposition of…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2013-04-11 Andrey M. Mishchenko

These are notes on discrete mathematics for computer scientists. The presentation is somewhat unconventional. Indeed I begin with a discussion of the basic rules of mathematical reasoning and of the notion of proof formalized in a natural…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2008-05-06 Jean Gallier

With the increasing deployment of machine learning systems in practice, transparency and explainability have become serious issues. Contrastive explanations are considered to be useful and intuitive, in particular when it comes to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-05 André Artelt , Barbara Hammer

Complexity remains one of the central challenges in science and technology. Although several approaches at defining and/or quantifying complexity have been proposed, at some point each of them seems to run into intrinsic limitations or…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Luciano da F. Costa , Guilherme S. Domingues

I describe some deep-seated problems in higher mathematical education, and give some ideas for their solution -- I advocate a move away from the traditional introduction of mathematics through calculus, and towards computation and discrete…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2014-01-07 Igor Rivin

For natural and artificial systems with some symmetry structure, computational understanding and manipulation can be achieved without learning by exploiting the algebraic structure. Here we describe this algebraic coordinatization method…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-10-15 Attila Egri-Nagy , Chrystopher L. Nehaniv

We collect here various conjectures on congruences made by the author in a series of papers, some of which involve binary quadratic forms and other advanced theories. Part A consists of 100 unsolved conjectures of the author while…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2015-03-13 Zhi-Wei Sun

Computing is a critical driving force in the development of human civilization. In recent years, we have witnessed the emergence of intelligent computing, a new computing paradigm that is reshaping traditional computing and promoting…

A sketch of some of the fundamental notions related to the nature of knowledge is offered, with special focus on the role of mathematics and my own opinions. No single idea exposed here is entirely original; indeed, this topic has been…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2023-10-23 Daniel Canarutto

Over 300 sequences and many unsolved problems and conjectures related to them are presented herein. These notions, definitions, unsolved problems, questions, theorems corollaries, formulae, conjectures, examples, mathematical criteria, etc.…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2016-03-29 Octavian Cira , Florentin Smarandache

We describe an approximate rational arithmetic with round-off errors (both absolute and relative) controlled by the user. The rounding procedure is based on the continued fraction expansion of real numbers. Results of computer experiments…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-20 Grigori Litvinov , Anatoli Rodionov , Andrei Chourkin

What does it mean to claim that a physical or natural system computes? One answer, endorsed here, is that computing is about programming a system to behave in different ways. This paper offers an account of what it means for a physical…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-06-18 Hector Zenil

Neural network-based machine learning is capable of approximating functions in very high dimension with unprecedented efficiency and accuracy. This has opened up many exciting new possibilities, not just in traditional areas of artificial…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-12-30 Weinan E