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The physical and chemical conditions in young protoplanetary disks set the boundary conditions for planet formation. Although the dust in disks is relatively easily detected as a far-IR photometric ``excess'' over the expected photospheric…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-14 Javier R. Goicoechea , Bruce Swinyard

During the million years of evolution, gas dust and ice in protoplanetary disks can be chemically reprocessed. There are evidences that the gas-phase carbon and oxygen abundances are sub-solar in disks belonging to nearby star forming…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2020-07-01 D. Fedele , C. Favre

Past studies have revealed the dependency of the disc parameters (mass, radius, viscosity, grain fragmentation velocity, dust-to-gas ratio) on the formation of giant planets, where more massive discs seem beneficial for giant planet…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-18 Angie Daniela Guzmán Franco , Sofia Savvidou , Bertram Bitsch

We investigate the impact of pre-main sequence stellar luminosity evolution on the thermal and chemical properties of disc midplanes. We create template disc models exemplifying initial conditions for giant planet formation for a variety of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-11-18 James M. Miley , Olja Panić , Richard A. Booth , John D. Ilee , Shigeru Ida , Masanobu Kunitomo

[Abridged] Combining a time-dependent astrochemical model with a model of planet formation and migration, we compute the carbon-to-oxygen ratio (C/O) of a range of planetary embryos starting their formation in the inner solar system (1-3…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-07-17 Alex J. Cridland , Christian Eistrup , Ewine F. van Dishoeck

Gas-giant exoplanets are test cases for theories of planet formation as their atmospheres are proposed to carry signatures of their formation within the protoplanetary disk. The metallicity and C/O are key diagnostics, allowing to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-14 Catherine Walsh

In this paper we review recent progress in our understanding of the chemical evolution of protoplanetary disks. Current observational constraints and theoretical modeling on the chemical composition of gas and dust in these systems are…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-28 Dmitry A. Semenov

Observations of protoplanetary disks have revealed them to be complex and dynamic, with vertical and radial transport of gas and dust occurring simultaneously with chemistry and planet formation. Previous models of protoplanetary disks…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-03-18 Eric Van Clepper , Jennifer B. Bergner , Arthur D. Bosman , Edwin Bergin , Fred J. Ciesla

The formation of planetesimals is a necessary step in the formation of planets. While several mechanisms have been proposed, a local dust-to-gas ratio above unity is a strong requirement to trigger the collapse of pebble clouds into…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-03 Konstantinos Odysseas Xenos , Bertram Bitsch , Geoffrey Andama

Context. Current models of the size- and radial evolution of dust in protoplanetary disks generally oversimplify either the radial evolution of the disk (by focussing at one single radius or by using steady state disk models) or they assume…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2010-05-03 T. Birnstiel , C. P. Dullemond , F. Brauer

[Abridged] Planets and their atmospheres are built from gas and solid material in protoplanetary disks. This solid material grows from smaller, micron-sized grains to larger sizes in the disks, during the process of planet formation. Our…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-11-30 Christian Eistrup , L. Ilsedore Cleeves , Sebastiaan Krijt

The composition of giant planets is imprinted by their migration history and the compositional structure of their hosting disks. Studies in recent literature investigate how the abundances of C and O can constrain the formation pathways of…

Upcoming studies of extrasolar gas giants will give precise insights into the composition of planetary atmospheres with the ultimate goal to link it to the formation history of the planet. Here, we investigate how drifting and evaporating…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-10-13 Aaron David Schneider , Bertram Bitsch

Planets form in disks of gas and dust around young stars. The disk molecular reservoirs and their chemical evolution affect all aspects of planet formation, from the coagulation of dust grains into pebbles, to the elemental and molecular…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-13 Karin I. Öberg , Stefano Facchini , Dana E. Anderson

The chemical composition of a protoplanetary disk is determined not only by in situ chemical processes during the disk phase, but also by the history of the gas and dust before it accreted from the natal envelope. In order to understand the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-28 Ruud Visser , Ewine F. van Dishoeck , Steven D. Doty

(Abridged) The chemical composition of planetary atmospheres has long been thought to store information regarding where and when a planet accretes its material. Predicting this chemical composition theoretically is a crucial step in linking…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-10-28 Alex J. Cridland , Ewine F. van Dishoeck , Matthew Alessi , Ralph E. Pudritz

We present a model of the early chemical composition and elemental abundances of planetary atmospheres based on the cumulative gaseous chemical species that are accreted onto planets forming by core accretion from evolving protoplanetary…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-02-22 Alex J. Cridland , Ralph E. Pudritz , Matthew Alessi

Understanding the chemical link between protoplanetary disks and planetary atmospheres is complicated by the fact that the popular targets in the study of disks and planets are widely separated both in space and time. The 5 Myr PDS 70…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-06-28 A. J. Cridland , S. Facchini , E. F. van Dishoeck , M. Benisty

The chemical conditions in the planet forming regions of protoplanetary discs remain difficult to observe directly. Gas accreting from the disc on to the star provides a way to measure the elemental abundances because even refractory…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2017-11-01 Richard A. Booth , Cathie J. Clarke

Measuring the amount of gas and dust in protoplanetary disks is a key challenge in planet formation studies. Here we provide a new set of dust depletion factors and relative mass surface densities of gas and dust for the innermost regions…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-06-29 Adam S. Jermyn , Mihkel Kama