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While code large language models have demonstrated remarkable progress in code generation, the generated code often exhibits poor runtime efficiency, limiting its practical application in performance-sensitive scenarios. To address this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Yunlong Feng , Yang Xu , Xiao Xu , Binyuan Hui , Junyang Lin

Program synthesis from incomplete specifications (e.g. input-output examples) has gained popularity and found real-world applications, primarily due to its ease-of-use. Since this technology is often used in an interactive setting,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-03-13 Vu Le , Daniel Perelman , Oleksandr Polozov , Mohammad Raza , Abhishek Udupa , Sumit Gulwani

Advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, offer significant opportunities to enhance instructional support in introductory programming courses. While extensive research has explored the effectiveness of LLMs in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Muntasir Hoq , Jessica Vandenberg , Shuyin Jiao , Seung Lee , Bradford Mott , Narges Norouzi , James Lester , Bita Akram

Automatic assessment of code, in particular to support education, is an important feature included in several Learning Management Systems (LMS), at least to some extent. Several kinds of assessments can be designed, such as exercises asking…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Sébastien Combéfis , Guillaume de Moffarts

Automatically generating feedback via large language models (LLMs) in intelligent tutoring systems and online learning platforms has the potential to improve the learning outcomes of many students. However, both feedback generation and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Alexander Scarlatos , Digory Smith , Simon Woodhead , Andrew Lan

Large language models are able to perform a task by conditioning on a few input-output demonstrations - a paradigm known as in-context learning. We show that language models can explicitly infer an underlying task from a few demonstrations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Or Honovich , Uri Shaham , Samuel R. Bowman , Omer Levy

Automated feedback generation has the potential to enhance students' learning progress by providing timely and targeted feedback. Moreover, it can assist teachers in optimizing their time, allowing them to focus on more strategic and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Sylvio Rüdian , Yassin Elsir , Marvin Kretschmer , Sabine Cayrou , Niels Pinkwart

Interactive reinforcement learning has shown promise in learning complex robotic tasks. However, the process can be human-intensive due to the requirement of a large amount of interactive feedback. This paper presents a new method that uses…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Shukai Liu , Chenming Wu , Ying Li , Liangjun Zhang

The automatic evaluation for school assignments is an important application of AI in the education field. In this work, we focus on the task of personalized multimodal feedback generation, which aims to generate personalized feedback for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Haochen Liu , Zitao Liu , Zhongqin Wu , Jiliang Tang

Modern computing students often rely on both natural-language prompting and manual code editing to solve programming tasks. Yet we still lack a clear understanding of how these two modes are combined in practice, and how their usage varies…

Generative AI tools, such as AI-generated hints, are increasingly integrated into programming education to offer timely, personalized support. However, little is known about how to effectively leverage these hints while ensuring autonomous…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Heeryung Choi , Tung Phung , Mengyan Wu , Adish Singla , Christopher Brooks

Performance evaluations are critical for quantifying algorithmic advances in reinforcement learning. Recent reproducibility analyses have shown that reported performance results are often inconsistent and difficult to replicate. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Scott M. Jordan , Yash Chandak , Daniel Cohen , Mengxue Zhang , Philip S. Thomas

The abilities of Generative-Artificial Intelligence (AI) to produce real-time, sophisticated responses across diverse contexts has promised a huge potential in physics education, particularly in providing customized feedback. In this study,…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-08-14 Amogh Sirnoorkar , N. Sanjay Rebello

Behavioral skills or policies for autonomous agents are conventionally learned from reward functions, via reinforcement learning, or from demonstrations, via imitation learning. However, both modes of task specification have their…

Generative AI has the potential to enhance education by providing personalized feedback to students at scale. Recent work has proposed techniques to improve AI-generated programming hints and has evaluated their performance based on…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Tung Phung , Mengyan Wu , Heeryung Choi , Gustavo Soares , Sumit Gulwani , Adish Singla , Christopher Brooks

The increasing reliance on Large Language Models (LLMs) across various domains extends to education, where students progressively use generative AI as a tool for learning. While prior work has examined LLMs' mathematical ability, their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Wei-Ling Hsu , Yu-Chien Tang , An-Zi Yen

We present a method for automatically generating repair feedback for syntax errors for introductory programming problems. Syntax errors constitute one of the largest classes of errors (34%) in our dataset of student submissions obtained…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-03-22 Sahil Bhatia , Rishabh Singh

Generative AI is reshaping higher education programming through vibe coding, where students collaborate with AI via natural language rather than writing code line-by-line. We conceptualize this practice as help-seeking, analyzing 19,418…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Daiana Rinja , Eduardo Araujo Oliveira , Sonsoles López-Pernas , Mohammed Saqr , Marcus Specht , Kamila Misiejuk

Providing effective feedback is important for student learning in programming problem-solving. In this sense, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as potential tools to automate feedback generation. However, their reliability and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Priscylla Silva , Evandro Costa

There are countless reasons cited in scientific studies to explain the difficulties in programming learning. The reasons range from the subject's complexity, the ineffective teaching and study methods, to psychological aspects such as…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Alberto Simões , Ricardo Queirós