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In an exact quantum-mechanical framework, we show that expectation values of the second-quantized electro-magnetic fields in the Coulomb gauge, and in the presence of classical sources, automatically lead to causal and retarded…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-02 Bo-Sture K. Skagerstam , Karl-Erik Eriksson , Per K. Rekdal

We develop a probability-level, manifestly causal formalism for calculations in QFT. The approach involves an implicit summation over final states, which makes causality manifest since retarded propagators emerge naturally. This inclusive…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-12-24 Ross Jenkinson

A classical fluid splitter produces the same patterns of energy redistribution as a Stern-Gerlach quantum device, with rotationally invariant coefficients of correlation between molecular paths. Alternative settings express a cosine squared…

General Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Ghenadie N. Mardari

We study the temporal aspects of quantum tunneling as manifested in time-of-arrival experiments in which the detected particle tunnels through a potential barrier. In particular, we present a general method for constructing temporal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-12 Charis Anastopoulos , Ntina Savvidou

We derive a "classical-quantum" approximation scheme for a broad class of bipartite quantum systems from fully quantum dynamics. In this approximation, one subsystem evolves via classical equations of motion with quantum corrections, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-05 Viqar Husain , Irfan Javed , Sanjeev S. Seahra , Nomaan X

We present a consistent framework of coupled classical and quantum dynamics. Our result allows us to overcome severe limitations of previous phenomenological approaches, like evolutions that do not preserve the positivity of quantum states…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Lajos Diosi , Nicolas Gisin , Walter T. Strunz

We start to develop the quantization formalism in a hyperbolic Hilbert space. Generalizing Born's probability interpretation, we found that unitary transformations in such a Hilbert space represent a new class of transformations of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andrei Khrennikov

The quantum nonlocality is limited by relativistic causality, however, the reason is not fully understood yet. The relativistic causality condition on nonlocal correlations has been usually accepted as a prohibition of faster-than-light…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-15 Yeong Deok Han , Taeseung Choi

There is a widespread belief that the classical small inhomogeneities which gave rise to all structures in the Universe through gravitational instability originated from primordial quantum cosmological fluctuations. However, this transition…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-04-06 Nelson Pinto-Neto , Grasiele Santos , Ward Struyve

This survey gives a comprehensive account of quantum correlations understood as a phenomenon stemming from the rules of quantization. Centered on quantum probability it describes the physical concepts related to correlations (both classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-22 W. A. Majewski

In this article, the axioms presented in the first one are reformulated according to the special theory of relativity. Using these axioms, quantum mechanic's relativistic equations are obtained in the presence of electromagnetic fields for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-02-03 L. S. F. Olavo

We study the origin of the Born probability rule rho = |psi|^2 in the de Broglie-Bohm pilot-wave formulation of quantum theory. It is argued that quantum probabilities arise dynamically, and have a status similar to thermal probabilities in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Antony Valentini , Hans Westman

The stochastic theory of non-relativistic quantum mechanics presented here relies heavily upon the theory of stochastic processes, with its definitions, theorems and specific vocabulary as well. Its main hypothesis states indeed that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-01 Maurice J. M. L. O. Godart

Decoherence may not solve all of the measurement problems of quantum mechanics. It is proposed that a solution to these problems may be to allow that superpositions describe physically real systems in the following sense. Each quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Paul Merriam

The additivity of classical probabilities is only the first in a hierarchy of possible sum-rules, each of which implies its successor. The first and most restrictive sum-rule of the hierarchy yields measure-theory in the Kolmogorov sense,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-22 Rafael D. Sorkin

Drawing from the theory of optimal transport we propose a rigorous notion of a causal relation for Borel probability measures on a given spacetime. To prepare the ground, we explore the borderland between causality, topology and measure…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-12-21 Michał Eckstein , Tomasz Miller

The Hilbert space formalism describes causality as a statistical relation between initial experimental conditions and final measurement outcomes, expressed by the inner products of state vectors representing these conditions. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-28 Holger F. Hofmann

Probability is an important question in the ontological interpretation of quantum mechanics. It has been discussed in some trajectory interpretations such as Bohmian mechanics and stochastic mechanics. New questions arise when the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-10 Ciann-Dong Yang , Shiang-Yi Han

Quantum theory is a mathematical formalism to compute probabilities for outcomes happenning in physical experiments. These outcomes constitute events happening in space-time. One of these events represents the fact that a system located in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-06-07 Marco Zaopo

One of the main technical obstacles in constructing a consistent theory of quantum gravity is that the metric itself defines the causal structure required for quantization. This motivates implementing quantum aspects of gravity through an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-16 Johas Morales , Yuri Bonder