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We study the statistical laws of the expenditure of a person in convenience stores by analysing around 100 million receipts. The density function of expenditure exhibits a fat tail that follows a power law. We observe the Pareto principle…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-13 Takayuki Mizuno , Masahiro Toriyama , Takao Terano , Misako Takayasu

We introduce the following discrete time model. Each natural number represents an ecological niche and is assigned a fitness in $(0,1)$. All the sites are updated simultaneously at every discrete time. At any given time the environment may…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-11-03 Rinaldo B. Schinazi

We propose a continuum model for the degree distribution of directed networks in free and open-source software. The degree distributions of links in both the in-directed and out-directed dependency networks follow Zipf's law for the…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-04-15 Rajiv Nair , G. Nagarjuna , Arnab K. Ray

We study unit-level expenditure on consumption across multiple countries and multiple years, in order to extract invariant features of consumption distribution. We show that the bulk of it is lognormally distributed, followed by a power law…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-03-01 Anindya S. Chakrabarti , Arnab Chatterjee , Tushar K. Nandi , Asim Ghosh , Anirban Chakraborti

Darwinian evolution can be modeled in general terms as a flow in the space of fitness (i.e. reproductive rate) distributions. In the diffusion approximation, Tsimring et al. have showed that this flow admits "fitness wave" solutions:…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2017-01-30 Matteo Smerlak , Ahmed Youssef

Zipf's law in language lacks a definitive origin, debated across fields. This study explains Zipf-like behavior using geometric mechanisms without linguistic elements. The Full Combinatorial Word Model (FCWM) forms words from a finite…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-27 Vladimir Berman

We present an extensive analysis of long-term statistics of the queries to websites using logs collected on several web caches in Russian academic networks and on US IRCache caches. We check the sensitivity of the statistics to several…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Serge A. Krashakov , Anton B. Teslyuk , Lev N. Shchur

We consider a linear size-structured population model with diffusion in the size-space. Individuals are recruited into the population at arbitrary sizes. The model is equipped with generalized Wentzell-Robin (or dynamic) boundary…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2019-03-25 J. Z. Farkas , P. Hinow

Neural scaling laws are observed in a range of domains, to date with no universal understanding of why they occur. Recent theories suggest that loss power laws arise from Zipf's law, a power law observed in domains like natural language.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Oren Neumann , Claudius Gros

Complex natural and technological systems can be considered, on a coarse-grained level, as assemblies of elementary components: for example, genomes as sets of genes, or texts as sets of words. On one hand, the joint occurrence of…

Voting data from city-councillors, state and federal deputies elections are analyzed and considered as a response function of a social system with underlying dynamics leading to complex behavior. The voting results from the last two general…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2012-08-27 M. L. Lyra , U. M. S Costa , R. N. Costa Filho , J. S. Andrade,

We study a recent model of random networks based on the presence of an intrinsic character of the vertices called fitness. The vertices fitnesses are drawn from a given probability distribution density. The edges between pair of vertices…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-12-22 Vito D. P. Servedio , Guido Caldarelli , Paolo Butta`

We show that the laws of Zipf and Benford, obeyed by scores of numerical data generated by many and diverse kinds of natural phenomena and human activity are related to the focal expression of a generalized thermodynamic structure. This…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-19 Carlo Altamirano , Alberto Robledo

The optimal solution of an inter-city passenger transport network has been studied using Zipf's law for the city populations and the Gravity law describing the fluxes of inter-city passenger traffic. Assuming a fixed value for the cost of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-09-16 A. K. Nandi , K. Bhattacharya , S. S. Manna

Inverse power-law interaction forms, such as the inverse-square law, recur across a wide range of physical, social, and spatial systems. While traditionally derived from specific microscopic mechanisms, the ubiquity of these laws suggests a…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-16 Jerome Baray

Many large cities are found at locations with certain first nature advantages. Yet, those exogenous locational features may not be the most potent forces governing the spatial pattern of cities. In particular, population size, spacing and…

General Economics · Economics 2019-08-27 Tomoya Mori

We propose a new mechanism leading to scale-free networks which is based on the presence of an intrinsic character of a vertex called fitness. In our model, a vertex $i$ is assigned a fitness $x_i$, drawn from a given probability…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-05-18 Xin-Jian Xu , Liu-Ming Zhang , Li-Jie Zhang

The law of proportionate growth simply states that the time dependent change of a quantity $x$ is proportional to $x$. Its applicability to a wide range of dynamic phenomena is based on various assumptions for the proportionality factor,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-09-04 Frank Schweitzer

We suggest an analytical approach for Pareto-Zipf law, where we assume random multiplicative noise and fragmentation processes for the growth of the number of citizens of each city and the number of the cities, respectively.

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-11-13 Caglar Tuncay

Most of various large-size complex systems in nature and society can be well described as complex networks (graphs) to better understand the evolutional mechanisms and dynamical functions behind themselves. Of some part follow scale-free…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-08-08 Fei Ma