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The Lorentz force law of classical electrodynamics requires the introduction of hidden energy and hidden momentum in situations where an electric field acts on a magnetic material. In contrast, the Einstein-Laub formulation does not invoke…
The Lorentz law of force is the fifth pillar of classical electrodynamics, the other four being Maxwell's macroscopic equations. The Lorentz law is the universal expression of the force exerted by electromagnetic fields on a volume…
That static electric and magnetic fields can store momentum may be perplexing, but is necessary to ensure total conservation of momentum. Simple situations in which such field momentum is transferred to nearby bodies and point charges have…
When the effects of dispersion are included, neither the Abraham nor the Minkowski expression for electromagnetic momentum in a dielectric medium gives the correct recoil momentum for absorbers or emitters of radiation. The total momentum…
The force density on matter and the kinetic energy-momentum tensor of the electromagnetic field in matter are obtained starting from Maxwell equations and Lorentz force at microscopic level and averaging over a small region of space-time.…
We derive an expression for the macroscopic force density that a narrow-band electromagnetic field imposes on a dissipative isotropic medium. The result is obtained by averaging the microscopic form for Lorentz force density. The derived…
Energy-momentum and angular momentum carried by electromagnetic field of two point-like charged particles arbitrarily moving in flat spacetime are presented. Apart from usual contributions to the Noether quantities produced separately by…
An important issue in phenomenological macroscopic electrodynamics of moving media is the definition of the energy and momentum of the electromagnetic field in matter. Rather surprisingly, this topic has demonstrated a remarkable longevity,…
A close examination of the Maxwell-Lorentz theory of electrodynamics reveals that polarization and magnetization of material media need not be treated as local averages over small volumes - volumes that nevertheless contain a large number…
We find that the energy-dynamic tensor of electromagnetic wave in medium defined by Lagrange density is very similar to that of ordinary fluid, and density and pressure can be defined similarly. The pressure here is different from the…
The energy--momentum tensor and the tensor continuity equation serve as the conservation laws of energy, linear momentum, and angular momentum for a continuous flow. Previously, we derived equations of motion for macroscopic electromagnetic…
We find that the energy-momentum tensor of electromagnetic waves in media is very similar to that of ordinary fluids, and concepts such as density, pressure, and energy transfer rate can be similarly defined. On this basis, we conducted a…
We derive the force of the electromagnetic radiation on material objects by a direct application of the Lorentz law of classical electro-dynamics. The derivation is straightforward in the case of solid metals and solid dielectrics, where…
Using realistic classical models of microscopic electric-charge electric dipoles and electric-current (Amperian) magnetic dipoles, it is proven that the Einstein-Laub macroscopic electromagnetic force on a macroscopic-continuum volume of…
We combine Maxwell's equations with Eulers's equation, related to a velocity field of an immaterial fluid, where the density of mass is replaced by a charge density. We come out with a differential system able to describe a relevant…
This is paper I of a series of two papers, offering a self-contained analysis of the role of electromagnetic stress-energy-momentum tensors in the classical description of continuous polarizable perfectly insulating media. While…
The classical theory of electrodynamics is built upon Maxwell's equations and the concepts of electromagnetic field, force, energy and momentum, which are intimately tied together by Poynting's theorem and the Lorentz force law. Whereas…
We present examples of simple electromagnetic systems in which energy, linear momentum, and angular momentum exhibit interesting behavior. The systems are sufficiently simple to allow exact solutions of Maxwell's equations in conjunction…
We determine the invariant expression of the force density that the electromagnetic field exerts on dipolar matter and construct the non-symmetric energy-momentum tensor of the electromagnetic field in matter which is consistent with that…
Electromagnetic waves carry the Abraham momentum, whose density is given by p_EM = S(r,t)/c^2. Here S(r,t) = E(r,t)\timesH(r,t) is the Poynting vector at point r in space and instant t in time, E and H are the local electromagnetic fields,…