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We provide a taxonomy of a dozen enabling network architectures, protocols, and technologies that will define the evolution from 5G to 6G. These technologies span the network protocol stack, different target deployment environments, and…

Communication networks are undergoing their next evolutionary step towards 5G. The 5G networks are envisioned to provide a flexible, scalable, agile and programmable network platform over which different services with varying requirements…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-06-20 Faqir Zarrar Yousaf , Michael Bredel , Sibylle Schaller , Fabian Schneider

For next-generation wireless networks, both the upper mid-band and terahertz spectra are gaining global attention. This article provides an in-depth analysis of recent regulatory rulings and spectrum preferences issued by international…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-24 Theodore S. Rappaport , Todd E. Humphreys , Shuai Nie

The fourth generation of cell phones, marketed as 4G/LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is being quickly adopted worldwide. Given the mobile and wireless nature of the involved communications, security is crucial. This paper includes both a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Jezabel Molina-Gil , Pino Caballero-Gil , Cándido Caballero-Gil , Amparo Fúster-Sabater

New network architectures, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G, and next-generation (NextG) cellular systems, put forward emerging challenges to the design of future wireless networks toward ultra-high data rate, massive data…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Jiahao Xue , Zhe Qu , Shangqing Zhao , Yao Liu , Zhuo Lu

During the last decade, wireless data services have had an incredible impact on people's lives in ways we could never have imagined. The number of mobile devices has increased exponentially and data traffic has almost doubled every year.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-04 Nessrine Trabelsi , Lamia Chaari Fourati , Chung Shue Chen

The fifth generation (5G) cellular communication system will have several advanced features, majority of which will come into existence for the first time. According to the ITU recommendations, 5G will provide minimum 3 GB/s end to end data…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-03-26 Sudhir K. Routray , Habib H. Mohammed

We provide an overview of the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) work on evolving the 5G wireless technology to support non-terrestrial satellite networks. Adapting 5G to support non-terrestrial networks entails a holistic design…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Xingqin Lin , Stefan Rommer , Sebastian Euler , Emre A. Yavuz , Robert S. Karlsson

Cellular networks have changed the world we are living in, and the fifth generation (5G) of radio technology is expected to further revolutionise our everyday lives, by enabling a high degree of automation, through its larger capacity,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-10-08 David Lopez-Perez , Antonio De Domenico , Nicola Piovesan , Harvey Bao , Geng Xinli , Song Qitao , Merouane Debbah

As 5th generation (5G) networks continue to evolve, there is a growing interest toward the integration of Terrestrial Networks (TNs) and Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs). Specifically, NTNs leverage space/air base stations such as…

Traditional ultra-dense wireless networks are recommended as a complement for cellular networks and are deployed in partial areas, such as hotspot and indoor scenarios. Based on the massive multiple-input multi-output (MIMO) antennas and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2015-12-11 Xiaohu Ge , Song Tu , Guoqiang Mao , Cheng-Xiang Wang , Tao Han

The fifth-generation (5G) mobile/cellular technology is a game changer for industrial systems. Private 5G deployments are promising to address the challenges faced by industrial networks. Programmability and open-source are two key aspects…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Adnan Aijaz , Ben Holden , Fanyu Meng

5G technology will drastically change the way satellite internet providers deliver services by offering higher data speeds, massive network capacity, reduced latency, improved reliability and increased availability. A standardised 5G…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Pol Henarejos , Xavier Artiga , Miguel A. Vázquez , Màrius Caus , Musbah Shaat , Joan Bas , Lluís Blanco , Ana I. Pérez-Neira

On the eve of 5G network deployment worldwide, a new boom in the mass digitization of our personal and professional lifestyles is looming. 5G marks a strong shift in the way in which connectivity will impact our societies and industries.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-09-10 Laurent Petit , Jean-Baptiste Dore , Eric Mercier , Claude Brocheton , Julien Legrand , Dimitri Ktenas

Smart services based on the Internet of Everything (IoE) are gaining considerable popularity due to the ever-increasing demands of wireless networks. This demands the appraisal of the wireless networks with enhanced properties as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-15 Zakria Qadir , Hafiz Suliman Munawar , Nasir Saeed , Khoa Le

The fifth generation (5G) mobile networks are envisioned to support the deluge of data traffic with reduced energy consumption and improved quality of service (QoS) provision. To this end, the key enabling technologies, such as…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Dantong Liu , Lifeng Wang , Yue Chen , Maged Elkashlan , Kai-Kit Wong , Robert Schober , Lajos Hanzo

While 5G is being tested worldwide and anticipated to be rolled out gradually in 2019, researchers around the world are beginning to turn their attention to what 6G might be in 10+ years time, and there are already initiatives in various…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-08-08 Faisal Tariq , Muhammad Khandaker , Kai-Kit Wong , Muhammad Imran , Mehdi Bennis , Merouane Debbah

Cellular wireless networks enable mobile broadband connectivity for Internet-based applications through their radio access and core network infrastructure. While Fifth-Generation (5G) cellular systems are currently being deployed, ongoing…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Ekram Hossain , Angelo Vera-Rivera

The increasing demand for highly customized products, as well as flexible production lines, can be seen as trigger for the "fourth industrial revolution", referred to as "Industrie 4.0". Current systems usually rely on wire-line…

The 5G wireless networks are potentially revolutionizing future technologies. The 5G technologies are expected to foresee demands of diverse vertical applications with diverse requirements including high traffic volume, massive…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Hajar Moudoud , Soumaya Cherkaoui , Lyes Khoukhi