Related papers: Sub-50 mK electronic cooling with large-area super…
When biased at a voltage just below a superconductor's energy gap, a tunnel junction between this superconductor and a normal metal cools the latter. While the study of such devices has long been focussed to structures of submicron size and…
We present evidence for the cooling of normal metal phonons by electron tunneling in a Superconductor - Normal metal - Superconductor tunnel junction. The normal metal electron temperature is extracted by comparing the device…
The design and operation of an electronic cooler based on a combination of superconducting tunnel junctions is described. The cascade extraction of hot-quasiparticles, which stems from the energy gaps of two different superconductors,…
We present a simple on-chip electronic thermometer with the potential to operate down to 1 mK. It is based on transport through a single normal-metal - superconductor tunnel junction with rapidly widening leads. The current through the…
The performance of hybrid superconducting electronic coolers is usually limited by the accumulation of hot quasi-particles in the superconducting leads. This issue is all the more stringent in large-scale and high-power devices, as required…
Enhanced electron cooling is demonstrated in a strained-silicon/superconductor tunnel junction refrigerator of volume 40 um^3. The electron temperature is reduced from 300 mK to 174 mK, with the enhancement over an unstrained silicon…
We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally two limiting factors in cooling electrons using biased tunnel junctions to extract heat from a normal metal into a superconductor. Firstly, when the injection rate of electrons exceeds…
We have successfully fabricated Cu/AlOx-Al/Nb normal-metal/insulator/superconductor tunnel junction devices with a high value of the superconducting gap (up to $\sim 1$ mV), using electron-beam lithography and angle evaporation techniques…
Replacing the bulky cryoliquid-based cooling stages of cryoenabled instruments by chip-scale refrigeration is envisioned to disruptively reduce the system size similar to microprocessors did for computers. Electronic refrigerators based on…
We demonstrate electronic cooling of a suspended AuPd island using superconductor-insulator-normal metal tunnel junctions. This was achieved by developing a simple fabrication method for reliably releasing narrow submicron sized metal…
We demonstrate electronic cooling of 1D phonon modes in suspended nanowires for the first time, using normal metal--insulator--superconductor (NIS) tunnel junctions. Simultaneous cooling of both electrons and phonons to a common temperature…
Electronic cooling in hybrid normal metal-insulator-superconductor junctions is a promising technology for the manipulation of thermal loads in solid state nanosystems. One of the main bottlenecks for efficient electronic cooling is the…
A biased tunnel junction between a superconductor and a normal metal can cool the latter electrode. Based on a recently developed cooler with high power and superior performance, we have successfully integrated it with a dielectric silicon…
The qualities of electron refrigeration by means of tunnel junctions between superconducting and normal--metal electrodes are studied theoretically. A suitable approximation of the basic expression for the heat current across those tunnel…
We demonstrate electron cooling in silicon using platinum silicide as a superconductor contact to selectively remove the highest energy electrons. The superconducting critical temperature of bulk PtSi is reduced from around 1 K to 0.79 K…
In a normal-metal/insulator/superconductor (NIS) tunnel junction refrigerator, the normal-metal electrons are cooled and the dissipated power heats the superconducting electrode. This paper presents a review of the mechanisms by which heat…
We discuss inherent thermometry in a Superconductor - Normal metal - Superconductor tunnel junction. In this configuration, the energy selectivity of single-particle tunneling can provide a significant electron cooling, depending on the…
A promising scheme for electron microrefrigeration based on ferromagnet-superconductor contacts is presented. In this setup, cooling power densities up to 600 nW/$\mu$m$^2$ can be achieved leading to electronic temperature reductions…
We discuss very low temperature experiments on superconducting micro-coolers made of a double Normal metal - Insulator - Superconductor junction. We investigate with a high resolution the differential conductance of the micro-cooler as well…
We examine the nature of the transitions between the normal and the superconducting branches of superconductor-graphene-superconductor Josephson junctions. We attribute the hysteresis between the switching (superconducting to normal) and…