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Using data from MALT90 (Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team Survey at 90 GHz), we present molecular line study of a sample of ATLASGAL (APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy) clumps. Twelve emission lines have been detected in all. We…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-03-14 Naiping Yu , Jinglong Xu , Jun-Jie Wang

We summarize all available 13CO and accompanying 12CO measurements of local galaxy centers in transitions of J=5-4 and higher, including new APEX 13CO(6-5) and 12CO(6-5) observations of 11 galaxies. The observed integrated temperature…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-09-06 F. P. Israel , R. Gusten , A. Lundgren

Classical hot cores are rich in molecular emission, and they show a high abundance of complex organic molecules (COMs). The emergence of molecular complexity is poorly constrained in the early evolution of hot cores. Using the Atacama Large…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-11-27 T. Csengeri , A. Belloche , S. Bontemps , F. Wyrowski , K. M. Menten , L. Bouscasse

We performed 12CO(1-0), 13CO(1-0), and HCN(1-0) single-dish observations (beam size ~14"-18") toward nearby starburst and non-starburst galaxies using the Nobeyama 45 m telescope. The 13CO(1-0) and HCN(1-0) emissions were detected from all…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-18 Satoki Matsushita , Ryohei Kawabe , Kotaro Kohno , Tomoka Tosaki , Baltasar Vila-Vilaró

Maps and measurements of the J=1-0, J=2-1, J=3-2, J=4-3 12CO, the J=1-0, J=2-1, and J=3-2 13CO lines in the central arcminute squared of NGC1068, NGC2146, NGC3079, NGC4826, and NGC7469, as well as 492 GHz [CI] maps in three of these are…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 F. P. Israel

The lines of HOC$^+$, HCO and CO$^+$ are considered good tracers of photon-dominated regions (PDRs) and X-ray dominated regions. We study these tracers towards regions of the Sgr B2 cloud selected to be affected by different heating…

The submillimeter CO lines are formed in warm and dense molecular gas and are therefore sensitive to the physical conditions whereas the CO (J=1-0) line is a tracer of the total molecular gas mass. In order to be able to compare the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 E. Bayet , M. Gerin , T. G. Phillips , A. Contursi

High-density molecular gas plays a vital role in supporting star formation within galaxies. However, traditional tracers of dense gas, such as the low-$J$ transitions of HCN and HCO$^+$, are predominantly optically thick. This…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-09-16 Fei Li , Zhi-Yu Zhang , Junzhi Wang , Gan Luo

We present an overview of a high-mass star formation region through the major (sub-)mm, and far-infrared cooling lines to gain insight into the physical conditions and the energy budget of the molecular cloud. We used the KOSMA 3m telescope…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 H. Jakob , C. Kramer , R. Simon , N. Schneider , V. Ossenkopf , S. Bontemps , U. U. Graf , J. Stutzki

The aim of this study is to investigate systematic chemical differentiation of molecules in regions of high mass star formation. We observed five prominent sites of high mass star formation in HCN, HNC, HCO+, their isotopes, C18O, C34S and…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2010-11-02 I. Zinchenko , P. Caselli , L. Pirogov

Previous studies using p-H$_2$CO $J=3$--$2$ transitions at 218 GHz suggested widespread high-temperature gas exceeding 60 K and even 100 K in the CMZ, with heating mechanisms possibly related to cosmic rays or turbulent dissipation.…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-04-13 Zhenyi Yue , Yiping Ao , Xindi Tang , Xing Lu , Yan Gong , Christian Henkel

In the nearby (D=14 Mpc) AGN-starburst composite galaxy NGC 1068, it has been found that the molecular gas in the Circum-nuclear Disk (CND) is outflowing, which is a manifestation of ongoing AGN feedback. The outflowing gas has a large…

The results of spectral observations in the $\sim 84-92$ GHz frequency range of six objects in the southern sky containing dense cores and associated with regions of massive stars and star clusters formation are presented. The observations…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-03-06 L. E. Pirogov , P. M. Zemlyanukha , E. M. Dombek , M. A. Voronkov

Shock waves from supernova remnants (SNRs) have strong influence on the physical and chemical properties of molecular clouds (MCs). Shocks propagating into magnetized MCs can be classified into "jump" J-shock and "continuous" C-shock. The…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-01-22 Tian-Yu Tu , Valentine Wakelam , Yang Chen , Ping Zhou , Qian-Qian Zhang

Understanding the heating and cooling mechanisms in nearby (Ultra) luminous infrared galaxies can give us insight into the driving mechanisms in their more distant counterparts. Molecular emission lines play a crucial role in cooling…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2014-09-05 M. J. F. Rosenberg , R. Meijerink , F. P. Israel , P. P. van der Werf , E. M. Xilouris , A. Weiß

The physical conditions of the Galactic center (GC) clouds moving with non-circular velocities are not well-known. We have studied the physical conditions of these clouds with the aim of better understanding the origin of the outstanding…

We have studied molecular hydrogen emission in a sample of 21 YSOs using spectra obtained with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). H2 emission was detected in 12 sources and can be explained as arising in either a shock, caused by the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 M. E. van den Ancker , P. R. Wesselius , A. G. G. M. Tielens

In this work, we investigate the molecular gas and star formation properties in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 6946 using multiple molecular lines and star formation tracers. High-resolution image (100 pc) of $^{13}$CO (1-0) is created by…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-12-16 Hsi-An Pan , Nario Kuno , Jin Koda , Akihiko Hirota , Kazuo Sorai , Hiroyuki Kaneko

High spatial resolution observations of the 12CO(1-0), HCN(1-0), HCO+(1-0), and 13CO(1-0) molecular lines toward the luminous infrared merger NGC 6240 have been performed using the Nobeyama Millimeter Array and the RAINBOW Interferometer.…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-24 K. Nakanishi , S. K. Okumura , K. Kohno , R. Kawabe , T. Nakagawa