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Shor's algorithm for integer factorization offers an exponential speedup over classical methods but remains impractical on Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) hardware due to the need for many coherent qubits and very deep circuits.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Alok Shukla , Prakash Vedula

Quantum computational algorithms exploit quantum mechanics to solve problems exponentially faster than the best classical algorithms. Shor's quantum algorithm for fast number factoring is a key example and the prime motivator in the…

With the advancement of quantum technologies, there is a potential threat to traditional encryption systems based on integer factorization. Therefore, developing techniques for accurately measuring the performance of associated quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-20 Junseo Lee

Shor's factoring algorithm is one of the most anticipated applications of quantum computing. However, the limited capabilities of today's quantum computers only permit a study of Shor's algorithm for very small numbers. Here we show how…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-10 Dennis Willsch , Madita Willsch , Fengping Jin , Hans De Raedt , Kristel Michielsen

A major obstacle to implementing Shor's quantum number-factoring algorithm is the large size of modular-exponentiation circuits. We reduce this bottleneck by customizing reversible circuits for modular multiplication to individual runs of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-01-16 Igor L. Markov , Mehdi Saeedi

Tomography has reached its practical limits in characterization of new quantum devices, and there is a need for a new means of characterizing and validating new technological advances in this field. We propose a different verification…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-15 Omar Gamel , Daniel F. V. James

The quantum computer algorithm by Peter Shor for factorization of integers is studied. The quantum nature of a QC makes its outcome random. The output probability distribution is investigated and the chances of a successful operation is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Göran Einarsson

Shor's factoring algorithm illustrates the potential power of quantum computation. Here we present and numerically investigate a proposal for a compiled version of such an algorithm based on a quantum-wire network exploiting the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-01-14 Fabrizio Buscemi

In this paper, we introduce a novel quantum algorithm for the factorization of composite odd numbers. This work makes two significant contributions. First, we present a new improvement to the classical Fermat method, fourfold reducing the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Julien Mellaerts

There have been several efforts to apply quantum SAT solving methods to factor large integers. While these methods may provide insight into quantum SAT solving, to date they have not led to a convincing path to integer factorization that is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-23 Michele Mosca , João Marcos Vensi Basso , Sebastian R. Verschoor

Amongst the most remarkable successes of quantum computation are Shor's efficient quantum algorithms for the computational tasks of integer factorisation and the evaluation of discrete logarithms. In this article we review the essential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-18 Richard Jozsa

These are pedagogical notes on Shor's factoring algorithm, which is a quantum algorithm for factoring very large numbers (of order of hundreds to thousands of bits) in polynomial time. In contrast, all known classical algorithms for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-19 Robert L Singleton

The RSA cryptosystem could be easily broken with large scale general purpose quantum computers running Shor's factorization algorithm. Being such devices still in their infancy, a quantum annealing approach to integer factorization has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-06 Riccardo Mengoni , Daniele Ottaviani , Paolino Iorio

We describe a novel analogue algorithm that allows the simultaneous factorization of an exponential number of large integers with a polynomial number of experimental runs. It is the interference-induced periodicity of "factoring"…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-14 Vincenzo Tamma

Several physics-based algorithms for factorizing large number were recently published. A notable recent one by Schleich et al. uses Gauss sums for distinguishing between factors and non-factors. We demonstrate two NMR techniques that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 T. S. Mahesh , Nageswaran Rajendran , Xinhua Peng , Dieter Suter

We show that given the order of a single element selected uniformly at random from $\mathbb Z_N^*$, we can with very high probability, and for any integer $N$, efficiently find the complete factorization of $N$ in polynomial time. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-07 Martin Ekerå

The availability of working quantum computers has led to several proposals and claims of quantum advantage. In 2023, this has included claims that quantum computers can successfully factor large integers, by optimizing the search for nearby…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-16 Willie Aboumrad , Dominic Widdows , Ananth Kaushik

Attempts to find new quantum algorithms that outperform classical computation have focused primarily on the nonabelian hidden subgroup problem, which generalizes the central problem solved by Shor's factoring algorithm. We suggest an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-07-10 Andrew M. Childs , Leonard J. Schulman , Umesh V. Vazirani

Modern cryptography is largely based on complexity assumptions, for example, the ubiquitous RSA is based on the supposed complexity of the prime factorization problem. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to understand how a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-20 Jose Luis Rosales

We propose an adiabatic quantum algorithm capable of factorizing numbers, using fewer qubits than Shor's algorithm. We implement the algorithm in an NMR quantum information processor and experimentally factorize the number 21. Numerical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Xinhua Peng , Zeyang Liao , Nanyang Xu , Gan Qin , Xianyi Zhou , Dieter Suter , Jiangfeng Du