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Sinkhorn proved that every entry-wise positive matrix can be made doubly stochastic by multiplying with two diagonal matrices. In this note we prove a recently conjectured analogue for unitary matrices: every unitary can be decomposed into…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-09-07 Martin Idel , Michael M. Wolf

The alternate row and column scaling algorithm applied to a positive $n\times n$ matrix $A$ converges to a doubly stochastic matrix $S(A)$, sometimes called the \emph{Sinkhorn limit} of $A$. For every positive integer $n$, a two parameter…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2020-04-17 Melvyn B. Nathanson

Given a nonnegative matrix $A$, can you find diagonal matrices $D_1,~D_2$ such that $D_1AD_2$ is doubly stochastic? The answer to this question is known as Sinkhorn's theorem. It has been proved with a wide variety of methods, each…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2016-09-22 Martin Idel

The process of alternately row scaling and column scaling a positive $n \times n$ matrix $A$ converges to a doubly stochastic positive $n \times n$ matrix $S(A)$, often called the \emph{Sinkhorn limit} of $A$. The main result in this paper…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2019-10-01 Melvyn B. Nathanson

The process of alternately row scaling and column scaling a positive $n \times n$ matrix $A$ converges to a doubly stochastic positive $n \times n$ matrix $S(A)$, called the \emph{Sinkhorn limit} of $A$. Exact formulae for the Sinkhorn…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2019-02-13 Melvyn B. Nathanson

Applied to a nonnegative $m\times n$ matrix with a nonzero $\sigma$-diagonal, the sequence of matrices constructed by alternate row and column scaling conveges to a doubly stochastic matrix. It is proved that if this sequence converges…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-17 Alex Cohen , Melvyn B. Nathanson

For a given nonnegative matrix $A=(A_{ij})$, the matrix scaling problem asks whether $A$ can be scaled to a doubly stochastic matrix $D_1AD_2$ for some positive diagonal matrices $D_1,D_2$.The Sinkhorn algorithm is a simple iterative…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Koyo Hayashi , Hiroshi Hirai , Keiya Sakabe

Sinkhorn's alternative minimization algorithm applied to a positive $n\times n$ matrix converges to a doubly stochastic matrix. If the algorithm, applied to a $2\times 2$ matrix, converges in a finite number of iterations, then it converges…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-11-26 Melvyn B. Nathanson

Randomized iterative algorithms have attracted much attention in recent years because they can approximately solve large-scale linear systems of equations without accessing the entire coefficient matrix. In this paper, we propose two novel…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-10-22 Kui Du , Xiao-Hui Sun

We develop several efficient algorithms for the classical \emph{Matrix Scaling} problem, which is used in many diverse areas, from preconditioning linear systems to approximation of the permanent. On an input $n\times n$ matrix $A$, this…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-04-10 Zeyuan Allen-Zhu , Yuanzhi Li , Rafael Oliveira , Avi Wigderson

Matrix scaling and matrix balancing are two basic linear-algebraic problems with a wide variety of applications, such as approximating the permanent, and pre-conditioning linear systems to make them more numerically stable. We study the…

In this paper, we propose an iterative algorithm using polar decomposition to approximate a channel characterized by a single unitary matrix based on input-output quantum state pairs. In limited data, we state and prove that the optimal…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-06-27 Matthew M. Lin , Hao-Wei Huang , Bing-Ze Lu

The matrix scaling problem, particularly the Sinkhorn-Knopp algorithm, has been studied for over 60 years. In practice, the algorithm often yields high-quality approximations within just a few iterations. Theoretically, however, the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Kun He

Let A, B, C, D be given finite sets of pairs of n-by-n complex matrices. We describe an algorithm to determine, with finitely many computations, whether there is a single unitary matrix U such that each pair of matrices in A is unitarily…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2014-03-12 Tatiana G. Gerasimova , Roger A. Horn , Vladimir V. Sergeichuk

Matrix scaling is a classical problem with a wide range of applications. It is known that the Sinkhorn algorithm for matrix scaling is interpreted as alternating e-projections from the viewpoint of classical information geometry. Recently,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-01-26 Takeru Matsuda , Tasuku Soma

We develop a novel, fundamental and surprisingly simple randomized iterative method for solving consistent linear systems. Our method has six different but equivalent interpretations: sketch-and-project, constrain-and-approximate, random…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-01-07 Robert M. Gower , Peter Richtárik

The iterative scaling procedure (ISP) is an algorithm which computes a sequence of matrices, starting from some given matrix. The objective is to find a matrix 'proportional' to the given matrix, having given row and column sums. In many…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-07-24 Erik Aas

The aim of the paper is to provide a constructive method for recovering a unitary matrix from experimental data. Since there is a natural immersion of unitary matrices within the set of double stochastic ones, the problem to solve is to…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Petre Dita

We present an algorithm for recovering planted solutions in two well-known models, the stochastic block model and planted constraint satisfaction problems, via a common generalization in terms of random bipartite graphs. Our algorithm…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-04-30 Vitaly Feldman , Will Perkins , Santosh Vempala

Any square matrix can be transformed into a doubly stochastic matrix via Sinkhorn scaling with diagonal matrices or completing to a larger dimensional matrix. Standard Birkhoff-von Neumann and Pauli decompositions represent such matrices as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Ammar Daskin
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