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Effective theory arguments are used to derive the most general energy-momentum tensor of a relativistic viscous fluid with an arbitrary equation of state (in the absence of other conserved currents) that is first-order in the derivatives of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-02-22 Fábio S. Bemfica , Marcelo M. Disconzi , Jorge Noronha

We show that the classical equations of gravity follow from a thermodynamic relation, dQ = T dS, where S is taken to be the Wald entropy, applied to a local Rindler horizon at any point in spacetime. Our approach works for all…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-08-31 Maulik K. Parikh , Sudipta Sarkar

A calculation by Jacobson [1] strongly implies that the field equations which describe gravity are emergent phenomena. In this paper, the method is extended to the case of a non-commutative spacetime. By making use of a non-commutative…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-05-21 Simon Moolman

The main purpose of this article is to provide a guide to theorems on global properties of solutions to the Einstein-Vlasov system. This system couples Einstein's equations to a kinetic matter model. Kinetic theory has been an important…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-10-19 Hakan Andreasson

Discovery of a novel thermodynamic aspect of nonrelativistic gravity is reported. Here, initially, an unspecified scalar field potential is considered and treated not as an externally applied field but as a thermodynamic variable on an…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-11-10 Peter Ván , Sumiyoshi Abe

Newton's second law: "force = time-derivative of momentum", may also be defined for theories of gravitation endowing space-time with a curved metric. Thus, Einstein's assumption of a geodesic motion may be rewritten in that form, and it…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Mayeul Arminjon

We present a new approximation to include fully general relativistic pressure and velocity in Newtonian hydrodynamics. The energy conservation, momentum conservation and two Poisson's equations are consistently derived from Einstein's…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-03 Jai-chan Hwang , Hyerim Noh , J'ulio Fabris , Oliver F. Piattella , Winfried Zimdahl

The present work reveals a direct correspondence between modified theories of gravity (cosmology) and entropic cosmology based on the thermodynamics of apparent horizon. It turns out that due to the total differentiable property of entropy,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-01 Shin'ichi Nojiri , Sergei D. Odintsov , Tanmoy Paul , Soumitra SenGupta

I present a solution to the full Einstein-fluid equations representing a self-gravitating Bjorken flow. The motion and the geometry become inhomogeneous in the plane transversal to the flow and the energy density profile acquires, due to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-05-30 Alexander Feinstein

We show that the dynamics of an elastic solid embedded in a Minkowski space consist of a set of coupled equations describing a spin-1/2 field, $\Psi$, obeying Dirac's equation, a vector potential, $A_\mu$, obeying Maxwell's equations and a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2008-10-28 John M. Baker

One of the striking features of general relativity is that the Einstein equation is implied by the Clausius relation imposed on a small patch of locally constructed causal horizon. Extension of this thermodynamic derivation of the field…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-17 Ramit Dey , Stefano Liberati , Arif Mohd

The search for the gravitational energy-momentum tensor is often qualified as an attempt of looking for ``the right answer to the wrong question''. This position does not seem convincing to us. We think that we have found the right answer…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 S V Babak , L P Grishchuk

The non-equilibrium contributions to the post-Newtonian hydrodynamic equations are determined from a relaxation-time model of the post-Newtonian Boltzmann equation. The Chapman-Enskog method is used to calculate the non-equilibrium…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-04-05 Gilberto M. Kremer

The historical and conceptual foundations of General Relativity are revisited, putting the main focus on the physical meaning of the invariant ds, the Equivalence Principle, and the precise interpretation of spacetime geometry. It is argued…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 Jaume de Haro , Emilio Elizalde

We derive the equations of motion for an $N$-body system in the Einstein-Cartan gravity theory at the first post-Newtonian order by exploiting the Weyssenhoff fluid as the spin model. Our approach consists in performing the point-particle…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-09-07 Emmanuele Battista , Vittorio De Falco

We investigate the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of viscous fluids in a spatially flat Friedmann-Lema\^itre-Robertson-Walker cosmology using the most general causal and stable viscous energy-momentum tensor defined at first order in spacetime…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-07-31 Fábio S. Bemfica , Marcelo M. Disconzi , Jorge Noronha , Robert J. Scherrer

The quasi-isotropic inhomogeneous solution of the Einstein equations near a cosmological singularity in the form of a series expansion in the synchronous system of reference, first found by Lifshitz and Khalatnikov in 1960, is generalized…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 I. M. Khalatnikov , A. Yu. Kamenshchik , M. Martellini , A. A. Starobinsky

Starting from first principles and general assumptions Newton's law of gravitation is shown to arise naturally and unavoidably in a theory in which space is emergent through a holographic scenario. Gravity is explained as an entropic force…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-04-20 Erik P. Verlinde

A history of the problem of mathematical and physical definition for the energy-momentum of the gravity field is reviewed. As it was noted 90 years ago by Hilbert (1917), Einstein (1918), Schrodinger (1918) and Bauer (1918) within…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-07 Yu. V. Baryshev

The field equations of general relativity can be derived from the Einstein action, which is quadratic in connection coefficients, rather than the standard action involving the Gibbons-Hawking-York term and counterterm. We show that it is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-05-08 Martin Krššák