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Bilevel optimization has been developed for many machine learning tasks with large-scale and high-dimensional data. This paper considers a constrained bilevel optimization problem, where the lower-level optimization problem is convex with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Siyuan Xu , Minghui Zhu

Cross-Project Defect Prediction (CPDP), which borrows data from similar projects by combining a transfer learner with a classifier, have emerged as a promising way to predict software defects when the available data about the target project…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Ke Li , Zilin Xiang , Tao Chen , Kay Chen Tan

While stochastic bilevel optimization methods have been extensively studied for addressing large-scale nested optimization problems in machine learning, it remains an open question whether the optimal complexity bounds for solving bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Tianshu Chu , Dachuan Xu , Wei Yao , Jin Zhang

The most common procedure to solve a linear bilevel problem in the PES community is, by far, to transform it into an equivalent single-level problem by replacing the lower level with its KKT optimality conditions. Then, the complementarity…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-28 Salvador Pineda , Juan Miguel Morales

This paper introduces \textit{online bilevel optimization} in which a sequence of time-varying bilevel problems is revealed one after the other. We extend the known regret bounds for online single-level algorithms to the bilevel setting.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-10 Davoud Ataee Tarzanagh , Parvin Nazari , Bojian Hou , Li Shen , Laura Balzano

In this paper, we propose a combined approach with second-order optimality conditions of the lower level problem to study constraint qualifications and optimality conditions for bilevel programming problems. The new method is inspired by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-08 Xiaoxiao Ma , Wei Yao , Jane J. Ye , Jin Zhang

We consider a scalar objective minimization problem over the solution set of another optimization problem. This problem is known as simple bilevel optimization problem and has drawn a significant attention in the last few years. Our inner…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-18 Yekini Shehu , Phan Tu Vuong , Alain Zemkoho

Continual learning aims to learn continuously from a stream of tasks and data in an online-learning fashion, being capable of exploiting what was learned previously to improve current and future tasks while still being able to perform well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-31 Quang Pham , Doyen Sahoo , Chenghao Liu , Steven C. H Hoi

We consider the uniform parallel machines scheduling problem in the context of optimistic bilevel optimization, where two speed options are considered. In this scenario, the leader aims to minimize the weighted number of tardy jobs, while…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-06 Quentin Schau , Olivier Ploton , Vincent T'kindt , Han Hoogeveen , Federico Della Croce , Jippe Hoogeveen

In this report, we suggest nine test problems for multi-task multi-objective optimization (MTMOO), each of which consists of two multiobjective optimization tasks that need to be solved simultaneously. The relationship between tasks varies…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-06-12 Yuan Yuan , Yew-Soon Ong , Liang Feng , A. K. Qin , Abhishek Gupta , Bingshui Da , Qingfu Zhang , Kay Chen Tan , Yaochu Jin , Hisao Ishibuchi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities, with optimizing their input prompts playing a pivotal role in maximizing their performance. However, while LLM prompts consist of both the task-agnostic system prompts and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Yumin Choi , Jinheon Baek , Sung Ju Hwang

We consider a bilevel problem involving two monotone equilibrium bifunctions and we show that this problem can be solved by a proximal point method with generalized proximal distances. We propose a framework for the convergence analysis of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-07-09 G. C. Bento , J. X. Cruz Neto , J. O. Lopes , P. A. Soares , A. Soubeyran

In many applications, including Stackelberg games, machine learning, and power systems \cite{Mackay2018Selftuning,Heinrich1952The,Wang2021Bi-Level}, the decisions in a minimax optimization problem can be constrained by a solution to an…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-28 Yaling Hu , Jiani Wang , Yu-hong Dai , Xiaojiao Tong

In recent years, decentralized bilevel optimization problems have received increasing attention in the networking and machine learning communities thanks to their versatility in modeling decentralized learning problems over peer-to-peer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Zhuqing Liu , Xin Zhang , Prashant Khanduri , Songtao Lu , Jia Liu

In this paper we study a class of unconstrained and constrained bilevel optimization problems in which the lower level is a possibly nonsmooth convex optimization problem, while the upper level is a possibly nonconvex optimization problem.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-08 Zhaosong Lu , Sanyou Mei

A multi-convex optimization problem is one in which the variables can be partitioned into sets over which the problem is convex when the other variables are fixed. Multi-convex problems are generally solved approximately using variations on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-10-11 Xinyue Shen , Steven Diamond , Madeleine Udell , Yuantao Gu , Stephen Boyd

In this paper, we consider a bilevel polynomial optimization problem where the objective and the constraint functions of both the upper and the lower level problems are polynomials. We present methods for finding its global minimizers and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-01-14 V. Jeyakumar , J. B. Lasserre , G. Li , T. S. Pham

In this paper, we propose two algorithms for solving convex optimization problems with linear ascending constraints. When the objective function is separable, we propose a dual method which terminates in a finite number of iterations. In…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-09-26 Zizhuo Wang

In bilevel optimization problems, a leader and a follower make their decisions in a hierarchy, and both decisions may influence each other. Usually one assumes that both players have full knowledge also of the other player's data. In a more…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-19 Dorothee Henke

Bilevel learning has gained prominence in machine learning, inverse problems, and imaging applications, including hyperparameter optimization, learning data-adaptive regularizers, and optimizing forward operators. The large-scale nature of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-20 Mohammad Sadegh Salehi , Subhadip Mukherjee , Lindon Roberts , Matthias J. Ehrhardt