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(Stochastic) bilevel optimization is a frequently encountered problem in machine learning with a wide range of applications such as meta-learning, hyper-parameter optimization, and reinforcement learning. Most of the existing studies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-16 Meng Ding , Mingxi Lei , Yunwen Lei , Di Wang , Jinhui Xu

This paper presents a framework to tackle combinatorial optimization problems using neural networks and reinforcement learning. We focus on the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and train a recurrent network that, given a set of city…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-01-16 Irwan Bello , Hieu Pham , Quoc V. Le , Mohammad Norouzi , Samy Bengio

Multi Expression Programming (MEP) is an evolutionary technique that may be used for solving computationally difficult problems. MEP uses a linear solution representation. Each MEP individual is a string encoding complex expressions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-09-09 Mihai Oltean , D. Dumitrescu

We demonstrate that a single training trajectory can transform a graph neural network into an unsupervised heuristic for combinatorial optimization. Focusing on the Travelling Salesman Problem, we show that encoding global structural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yimeng Min , Carla P. Gomes

In this work, a novel idea is presented for combinatorial optimization problems, a hybrid network, which results in a superior outcome. We applied this method to graph pointer networks [1], expanding its capabilities to a higher level. We…

Meta-heuristics are frequently used to tackle NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. With this paper we contribute to the understanding of the success of 2-opt based local search algorithms for solving the traveling salesman problem…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-08-14 Olaf Mersmann , Bernd Bischl , Heike Trautmann , Markus Wagner , Frank Neumann

Nowadays hybrid evolutionary algorithms, i.e, heuristic search algorithms combining several mutation operators some of which are meant to implement stochastically a well known technique designed for the specific problem in question while…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-04-23 Boris Mitavskiy , Jun He

We study GCS-TSP, a new variant of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) defined over a Graph of Convex Sets (GCS) -- a powerful representation for trajectory planning that decomposes the configuration space into convex regions connected by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Jingtao Tang , Hang Ma

The Generalized Traveling Salesman Problem (GTSP) is an extension of the well-known Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), where the node set is partitioned into clusters, and the objective is to find the shortest cycle visiting each cluster…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-06 Mohammad Reihaneh , Daniel Karapetyan

Bilevel optimization poses a significant computational challenge due to its nested structure, where each upper-level candidate solution requires solving a corresponding lower-level problem. While evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are effective…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Dejun Xu , Jijia Chen , Gary G. Yen , Min Jiang

We give algorithms for geometric graph problems in the modern parallel models inspired by MapReduce. For example, for the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) problem over a set of points in the two-dimensional space, our algorithm computes a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-01-07 Alexandr Andoni , Aleksandar Nikolov , Krzysztof Onak , Grigory Yaroslavtsev

We consider the bilevel minimum spanning tree (BMST) problem where the leader and the follower choose a spanning tree together, according to different objective functions. By showing that this problem is NP-hard in general, we answer an…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Christoph Buchheim , Dorothee Henke , Felix Hommelsheim

This paper proposes a hybrid genetic algorithm for solving the Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem (mTSP) to minimize the length of the longest tour. The genetic algorithm utilizes a TSP sequence as the representation of each individual,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Sasan Mahmoudinazlou , Changhyun Kwon

The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a challenging graph task in combinatorial optimization that requires reasoning about both local node neighborhoods and global graph structure. In this paper, we propose to use the novel Graph…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Amal Nammouchi , Hakim Ghazzai , Yehia Massoud

NP hard optimization problems like the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) defy efficient solutions in the worst case, yet real-world instances often exhibit exploitable patterns. We propose a novel patternaware complexity framework that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Olivier Saidi

We describe a general-purpose method for finding high-quality solutions to hard optimization problems, inspired by self-organized critical models of co-evolution such as the Bak-Sneppen model. The method, called Extremal Optimization,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Stefan Boettcher , Allon G. Percus

Given a set $P$ of $n$ points with their pairwise distances, the traveling salesman problem (TSP) asks for a shortest tour that visits each point exactly once. A TSP instance is rectilinear when the points lie in the plane and the distance…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Hadrien Cambazard , Nicolas Catusse

Given a graph $G$ and a digraph $D$ whose vertices are the edges of $G$, we investigate the problem of finding a spanning tree of $G$ that satisfies the constraints imposed by $D$. The restrictions to add an edge in the tree depend on its…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-05-22 Luiz Alberto do Carmo Viana , Manoel Campêlo , Ignasi Sau , Ana Silva

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is one of the most prominent combinatorial optimization problems. Given a complete graph G = (V, E) and non-negative distances d for every edge, the TSP asks for a shortest tour through all vertices with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-30 Ulrich Pferschy , Rostislav Stanek

This paper introduces a new learning-based approach for approximately solving the Travelling Salesman Problem on 2D Euclidean graphs. We use deep Graph Convolutional Networks to build efficient TSP graph representations and output tours in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Chaitanya K. Joshi , Thomas Laurent , Xavier Bresson