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We explain why the conventional argument for deriving the time-dependent Born-Oppenheimer approximation is incomplete and review recent mathematical results, which clarify the situation and at the same time provide a systematic scheme for…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-12-31 Gianluca Panati , Herbert Spohn , Stefan Teufel

Born-Oppenheimer dynamics is shown to provide an accurate approximation of time-independent Schr\"odinger observables for a molecular system with an electron spectral gap, in the limit of large ratio of nuclei and electron masses, without…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2011-09-21 Christian Bayer , Håkon Hoel , Petr Plecháč , Anders Szepessy , Raúl Tempone

Solving the electronic Schr\"odinger equation for changing nuclear coordinates provides access to the Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surface. This surface is the key starting point for almost all theoretical studies of chemical processes…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2022-01-14 Markus Reiher

Philosophers have claimed that: (a) Born-Oppenheimer approximation methods for solving molecular Schr\"odinger equations violate the Heisenberg uncertainty relations; therefore, (b) `quantum chemistry' is not fully quantum; and (c)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-29 Nick Huggett , James Ladyman , Karim P. Y. Thébault

Motivated by a paper by B.T. Sutcliffe and R.G. Woolley, we present the main ideas used by mathematicians to show the accuracy of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation for molecules. Based on mathematical works on this approximation for…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-05-15 Thierry Jecko

We apply the Born--Oppenheimer approximation to a harmonic diatomic molecule with one electron. We compare the exact and approximate results not only for the internal degrees of freedom but also for the motion of the center of mass. We…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2017-07-18 Francisco M. Fernández

In this paper, we consider the time-dependent Born-Oppenheimer approximation (BOA) of a classical quantum molecule involving a possibly large number of nuclei and electrons, described by a Schr\"odinger equation. In the spirit of Born and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-27 Sebastian Gherghe , Iván Moyano , Israel Michael Sigal

Describing the dynamics of nuclei in molecules requires a potential energy surface, which is traditionally provided by the Born-Oppenheimer or adiabatic approximation. However, we also need to assign masses to the nuclei. There, the…

Severe methodological and numerical problems of the traditional quantum mechanical approach to the description of molecular systems are outlined. To overcome these, a simple alternative to the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is presented on…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2014-02-06 Irmgard Frank

In pre-Born-Oppenheimer (pre-BO) theory a molecule is considered as a quantum system as a whole, including the electrons and the atomic nuclei on the same footing. This approach is fundamentally different from the traditional quantum…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2019-02-20 Edit Matyus

We present the construction of an exponentially accurate time-dependent Born-Oppenheimer approximation for molecular quantum mechanics. We study molecular systems whose electron masses are held fixed and whose nuclear masses are…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 George A. Hagedorn , Alain Joye

We combine the recently developed many-body Green's function theory for electrons and nuclei with the exact factorization of the wave function. The existing Born-Oppenheimer Green's functions are shown to be special cases of our exact…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-11-23 Ville J. Härkönen

The molecular Schr\"odinger equation is rewritten in terms of non-unitary equations of motion for the nuclei (or electrons) that depend parametrically on the configuration of an ensemble of generally defined electronic (or nuclear)…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2016-02-18 Guillermo Albareda , Heiko Appel , Ignacio Franco , Ali Abedi , Angel Rubio

It has been assumed that it is possible to approximate the interactions of quantized BPS solitons by quantising a dynamical system induced on a moduli space of soliton parameters. General properties of the reduction of quantum systems by a…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-31 Ian G. Moss , Noriko Shiiki

This article, as the first of three, aims at establishing the (time-dependent) Born-Oppenheimer approximation, in the sense of space adiabatic perturbation theory, for quantum systems constructed by techniques of the loop quantum gravity…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2016-07-27 Alexander Stottmeister , Thomas Thiemann

A generalized approach of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is developed to analytically deal with the influence exercised by the spatial motion of atom's mass-center on a two-level atom in an optical ring cavity with a quantized…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2007-05-23 Chang-Pu Sun

We formulate a time-dependent density functional theory for the coupled dynamics of electrons and nuclei that goes beyond the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation. We prove that the time-dependent marginal nuclear probability density…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2025-11-14 Chen Li , Ryan Requist , E. K. U. Gross

The standard Born Oppenheimer theory does not give an accurate description of the wave function near points of level crossing. We give such a description near an isotropic conic crossing, for energies close to the crossing energy. This…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 J. E. Avron , A. Gordon

The lack of the Max Born interpretation of the wave function as a probability density describing the localization of a quantum system in configuration space is pointed out related to the recent category based model of quantum mechanics…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Elemer E Rosinger

Owing to the computational complexity of electronic structure algorithms running on classical digital computers, the range of molecular systems amenable to simulation remains tightly circumscribed even after many decades of work. Quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-18 Alexis Ralli , Michael I. Williams , Peter V. Coveney
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