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Lloyd's algorithm is an iterative method that solves the quantization problem, i.e. the approximation of a target probability measure by a discrete one, and is particularly used in digital applications. This algorithm can be interpreted as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Léo Portales , Elsa Cazelles , Edouard Pauwels

Though mostly used as a clustering algorithm, k-means are originally designed as a quantization algorithm. Namely, it aims at providing a compression of a probability distribution with k points. Building upon [21, 33], we try to investigate…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-01-31 Clément Levrard

The $k$-means algorithm (Lloyd's algorithm) is a widely used method for clustering unlabeled data. A key bottleneck of the $k$-means algorithm is that each iteration requires time linear in the number of data points, which can be expensive…

The K-Means clustering using LLoyd's algorithm is an iterative approach to partition the given dataset into K different clusters. The algorithm assigns each point to the cluster based on the following objective function \[\ \min…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Ashish Srivastava , Mohammed Nawfal

We analyze online and mini-batch k-means variants. Both scale up the widely used Lloyd 's algorithm via stochastic approximation, and have become popular for large-scale clustering and unsupervised feature learning. We show, for the first…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-08 Cheng Tang , Claire Monteleoni

In this paper, we analyze the classical $K$-means alternating-minimization algorithm, also known as Lloyd's algorithm (Lloyd, 1956), for a mixture of Gaussians in a data-distributed setting that incorporates local iteration steps. Assuming…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-27 Harsh Vardhan , Heng Zhu , Avishek Ghosh , Arya Mazumdar

k-means is a widely used clustering algorithm, but for $k$ clusters and a dataset size of $N$, each iteration of Lloyd's algorithm costs $O(kN)$ time. Although there are existing techniques to accelerate single Lloyd iterations, none of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-01-18 Ryan R. Curtin

The $k$-means method is an iterative clustering algorithm which associates each observation with one of $k$ clusters. It traditionally employs cluster centers in the same space as the observed data. By relaxing this requirement, it is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-04-06 Matthew Thorpe , Florian Theil , Adam M. Johansen , Neil Cade

We propose k^2-means, a new clustering method which efficiently copes with large numbers of clusters and achieves low energy solutions. k^2-means builds upon the standard k-means (Lloyd's algorithm) and combines a new strategy to accelerate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-05-31 Eirikur Agustsson , Radu Timofte , Luc Van Gool

Algorithms for clustering points in metric spaces is a long-studied area of research. Clustering has seen a multitude of work both theoretically, in understanding the approximation guarantees possible for many objective functions such as…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Maria-Florina Balcan , Travis Dick , Colin White

We consider $K$-means clustering in networked environments (e.g., internet of things (IoT) and sensor networks) where data is inherently distributed across nodes and processing power at each node may be limited. We consider a clustering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-03 Soummya Kar , Brian Swenson

Lloyd's k-means algorithm is one of the most widely used clustering methods. We prove that in high-dimensional, high-noise settings, the algorithm exhibits catastrophic failure: with high probability, essentially every partition of the data…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-11 Roy R. Lederman , David Silva-Sánchez , Ziling Chen , Gilles Mordant , Amnon Balanov , Tamir Bendory

K-Means clustering still plays an important role in many computer vision problems. While the conventional Lloyd method, which alternates between centroid update and cluster assignment, is primarily used in practice, it may converge to a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-30 Huu Le , Anders Eriksson , Thanh-Toan Do , Michael Milford

In this work, we propose a novel optimization model termed "sum-of-minimum" optimization. This model seeks to minimize the sum or average of $N$ objective functions over $k$ parameters, where each objective takes the minimum value of a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-06-11 Lisang Ding , Ziang Chen , Xinshang Wang , Wotao Yin

The classical $k$-means algorithm for partitioning $n$ points in $\mathbb{R}^d$ into $k$ clusters is one of the most popular and widely spread clustering methods. The need to respect prescribed lower bounds on the cluster sizes has been…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-08-04 Steffen Borgwardt , Andreas Brieden , Peter Gritzmann

This thesis aims to invent new approaches for making inferences with the k-means algorithm. k-means is an iterative clustering algorithm that randomly assigns k centroids, then assigns data points to the nearest centroid, and updates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Alfred K. Adzika , Prudence Djagba

K-means -- and the celebrated Lloyd algorithm -- is more than the clustering method it was originally designed to be. It has indeed proven pivotal to help increase the speed of many machine learning and data analysis techniques such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-26 Luc Giffon , Valentin Emiya , Liva Ralaivola , Hachem Kadri

We study Ward's method for the hierarchical $k$-means problem. This popular greedy heuristic is based on the \emph{complete linkage} paradigm: Starting with all data points as singleton clusters, it successively merges two clusters to form…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-07-12 Anna Großwendt , Heiko Röglin , Melanie Schmidt

Clustering is a key task in machine learning, with $k$-means being widely used for its simplicity and effectiveness. While 1D clustering is common, existing methods often fail to exploit the structure of 1D data, leading to inefficiencies.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Jake Hyun

We propose a novel method to accelerate Lloyd's algorithm for K-Means clustering. Unlike previous acceleration approaches that reduce computational cost per iterations or improve initialization, our approach is focused on reducing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Juyong Zhang , Yuxin Yao , Yue Peng , Hao Yu , Bailin Deng
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