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This article redefines arbitrariness not as a normative flaw or a symptom of domination, but as a foundational functional mechanism structuring human systems and interactions. Diverging from critical traditions that conflate arbitrariness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Naomi Omeonga wa Kayembe

We identify a new observability concept, called relative observability, in supervisory control of discrete-event systems under partial observation. A fixed, ambient language is given, relative to which observability is tested. Relative…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2014-03-24 Kai Cai , Renyuan Zhang , W. Murray Wonham

Opacity is an important information-flow security property in the analysis of cyber-physical systems. It captures the plausible deniability of the system's secret behavior in the presence of an intruder that may access the information flow.…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-02-26 Xiang Yin , Majid Zamani

Inspired by privacy problems where the behavior of a system should not be revealed to an external curious observer, we investigate event concealment and concealability enforcement in discrete event systems modeled as non-deterministic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Wei Duan , Christoforos N. Hadjicostis , Zhiwu Li

In this paper, we investigate property verification problems in partially-observed discrete-event systems (DES). Particularly, we are interested in verifying observational properties that are related to the information-flow of the system.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-20 Jianing Zhao , Xiang Yin , Shaoyuan Li

This paper investigates an important class of information-flow security property called opacity for stochastic control systems. Opacity captures whether a system's secret behavior (a subset of the system's behavior that is considered to be…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-29 Siyuan Liu , Xiang Yin , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Majid Zamani

Motivated by considerations in the foundations of quantum mechanics and inspired by the literature on vague predicates, we introduce the concept of an opaque predicate. While in the case of vague predicates there is a kind of indeterminacy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Decio Krause , Steven French

We present a framework that allows an observer to determine occluded portions of a structure by finding the maximum-likelihood estimate of those occluded portions consistent with visible image evidence and a consistency model. Doing this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2013-06-12 Siddharth Narayanaswamy , Andrei Barbu , Jeffrey Mark Siskind

We delineate a methodology for the specification and verification of flow security properties expressible in the opacity framework. We propose a logic, OpacTL , for straightforwardly expressing such properties in systems that can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Chunyan Mu , David Clark

Informal arguments that cryptographic protocols are secure can be made rigorous using inductive definitions. The approach is based on ordinary predicate calculus and copes with infinite-state systems. Proofs are generated using…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-14 Lawrence C. Paulson

Any representational enterprise must omit variation in order to function. NASA still uses Newtonian mechanics, though Einstein superseded Newton, and the standard picture of scientific progress cannot explain how. A description that omitted…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Harry Sticker

Passive operating system fingerprinting reveals valuable information to the defenders of heterogeneous private networks; at the same time, attackers can use fingerprinting to reconnoiter networks, so defenders need obfuscation techniques to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-06-27 Blake Anderson , David McGrew

Classical opacity theory for discrete-event systems relies strictly on observable event sequences, fundamentally failing to capture security breaches in hybrid architectures where an attacker exploits both classical traces and localized…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sichen Ding , Zhiwu Li

Opacity is a confidentiality property that holds when certain secret strings of a given system cannot be revealed to an outside observer under any system activity. Opacity violations stimulate the study of opacity enforcement strategies.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-12 Xiaoyan Li , Christoforos N. Hadjicostis , Zhiwu Li

In this paper, we investigate the enforcement of opacity via supervisory control in the context of discrete-event systems. A system is said to be opaque if the intruder, which is modeled as a passive observer, can never infer confidently…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-23 Yifan Xie , Xiang Yin , Shaoyuan Li

This paper proposes a self-supervised objective for learning representations that localize objects under occlusion - a property known as object permanence. A central question is the choice of learning signal in cases of total occlusion.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Pavel Tokmakov , Allan Jabri , Jie Li , Adrien Gaidon

Traffic analysis attacks remain a significant problem for online security. Communication between nodes can be observed by network level attackers as it inherently takes place in the open. Despite online services increasingly using encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Jeppe Fredsgaard Blaabjerg , Aslan Askarov

A hidden Markov model is called observable if distinct initial laws give rise to distinct laws of the observation process. Observability implies stability of the nonlinear filter when the signal process is tight, but this need not be the…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-08-10 Ramon van Handel

In the last few decades, numerous experiments have shown that humans do not always behave so as to maximize their material payoff. Cooperative behavior when non-cooperation is a dominant strategy (with respect to the material payoffs) is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-06-27 Valerio Capraro , Joseph Y. Halpern

We study the emergence of objective properties in open quantum systems. In our analysis, the environment is promoted from a passive role of reservoir selectively destroying quantum coherence, to an active role of amplifier selectively…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Harold Ollivier , David Poulin , Wojciech H. Zurek