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In this paper, we try to generalise quantum stabilizer formalism to any composite system, that is, it includes not only composite systems of equal dimensions, but also composite systems of unequal dimensions.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Zhelin Tian

Although quantum communication systems are being deployed on a global scale, their realistic security certification is not yet available. Here we present a security evaluation and improvement protocol for complete quantum communication…

Efficient verification of entangled states is crucial to many applications in quantum information processing. However, the effectiveness of standard quantum state verification (QSV) is based on the condition of independent and identical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-13 Wen-Hao Zhang , Zihao Li , Gong-Chu Li , Xu-Song Hong , Huangjun Zhu , Geng Chen , Chuan-Feng Li , Guang-Can Guo

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is an essential field of research towards the realization of large-scale quantum computers. On the theoretical side, a lot of effort is put into designing error-correcting codes that protect quantum data from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-10 Lucas Berent , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

This article discusses the essential difficulties in developing model-checking techniques for quantum systems that are never present in model checking classical systems. It further reviews some early researches on checking quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-26 Mingsheng Ying , Yuan Feng

Codeword stabilized quantum codes provide a unified approach to constructing quantum error-correcting codes, including both additive and non-additive quantum codes. Standard codeword stabilized quantum codes encode quantum information into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-18 Jeonghwan Shin , Jun Heo , Todd A. Brun

Automatic verification deals with the validation by means of computers of correctness certificates. The related tools, usually called proof assistants or interactive provers, provide an interactive environment for the creation of formal…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-01-16 Andrea Asperti

Certification of quantum devices received from unknown providers is a primary requirement before utilizing the devices for any information processing task. Here, we establish a protocol for certification of a particular set of $d$-outcome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-20 Debarshi Das , Ananda G. Maity , Debashis Saha , A. S. Majumdar

Classical program analysis techniques, such as abstract interpretation and symbolic execution, are essential for ensuring software correctness, optimizing performance, and enabling compiler optimizations. However, these techniques face…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Yicheng Guang , Pietro Zanotta , Kai Zhou , Yueqi Chen , Ramin Ayanzadeh

Verification of NISQ era quantum devices demands fast classical simulation of large noisy quantum circuits. We present an algorithm based on the stabilizer formalism that can efficiently simulate noisy stabilizer circuits. Additionally, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-17 Patrick Rall

In fault-tolerant quantum computing, quantum algorithms are implemented through quantum circuits capable of error correction. These circuits are typically constructed based on specific quantum error correction codes, with consideration…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Ying Li

As the method to completely characterize quantum dynamical processes, quantum process tomography (QPT) is vitally important for quantum information processing and quantum control, where the faithfulness of quantum devices plays an essential…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-09-24 Yu-Xiang Zhang , Shengjun Wu , Zeng-Bing Chen

We present VOQC, the first fully verified optimizer for quantum circuits, written using the Coq proof assistant. Quantum circuits are expressed as programs in a simple, low-level language called SQIR, a simple quantum intermediate…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-11-16 Kesha Hietala , Robert Rand , Shih-Han Hung , Xiaodi Wu , Michael Hicks

We propose a methodology for verifying security properties of network protocols at design level. It can be separated in two main parts: context and requirements analysis and informal verification; and formal representation and procedural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2013-10-29 Jesus Diaz , David Arroyo , Francisco B. Rodriguez

The stabilization of a quantum computer by repeated error correction can be reduced almost entirely to repeated preparation of blocks of qubits in quantum codeword states. These are multi-particle entangled states with a high degree of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andrew M. Steane

Entanglement lies at the heart of quantum information science, serving as a key resource for quantum communication, computation, and metrology. Consequently, high-precision entangled state preparation and efficient verification are…

This work presents AEQUAM (Area Efficient QUAntum eMulation), a toolchain that enables faster and more accessible quantum circuit verification. It consists of a compiler that translates OpenQASM 2.0 into RISC-like instructions, Cython…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-28 Lorenzo Lagostina , Deborah Volpe , Maurizio Zamboni , Giovanna Turvani

Automated verification has become an essential part in the security evaluation of cryptographic protocols. In this context privacy-type properties are often modelled by indistinguishability statements, expressed as behavioural equivalences…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Vincent Cheval , Steve Kremer , Itsaka Rakotonirina

State-of-the-art noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers require low-complexity techniques for the mitigation of computational errors inflicted by quantum decoherence. Symmetry verification constitutes a class of quantum error mitigation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-30 Yifeng Xiong , Daryus Chandra , Soon Xin Ng , Lajos Hanzo

Quantum tomography is an important tool for obtaining information about the quantum state from experimental data. In this study, we conduct a comparative analysis of various quantum tomography protocols, including protocols based on highly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-11 Yu. I. Bogdanov , B. I. Bantysh , N. A. Bogdanova , K. B. Koksharov , V. F. Lukichev