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It has been theorized that if heavy nuclei (e.g. Au, Pb) are collided at sufficiently high energies, we might be to recreate the conditions that existed in the universe a few microseconds after the Big Bang. The kinetic energy of the…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2007-07-18 Anuj K. Purwar

Recent analyses of small collision systems, namely $p+p$ and $p+$Pb at the LHC and $p+$Au, $d+$Au and $^{3}$He+Au at RHIC, have revealed azimuthal momentum anisotropies commonly associated with collective flow in larger systems. Viscous…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-05-04 J. D. Orjuela Koop , R. Belmont , P. Yin , J. L. Nagle

We present a study of the elliptic (v2) and triangular (v3) flow and their corresponding eccentricity fluctuations for asymmetric (Au+Ag, Au+Cu and Au+Si) collisions at \sqrt_NN = 200 GeV. These are compared to the corresponding results…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2015-06-03 Md. Rihan Haque , Md. Nasim , Bedangadas Mohanty

We present calculations of bulk properties and multiparticle correlations in a large variety of collision systems within a hybrid formalism consisting of IP-Glasma initial conditions, MUSIC viscous relativistic hydrodynamics, and UrQMD…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2020-10-21 Bjoern Schenke , Chun Shen , Prithwish Tribedy

Recent observations of extended pseudorapidity correlations at the LHC in p+p and p+Pb collisions are of great interest. Here we present related re- sults from d+Au collisions at PHENIX. We present the observed v2 and discuss the possible…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-08-13 Anne M. Sickles

The experimental study of the collisions of heavy nuclei at relativistic energies has established the properties of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a state of hot, dense nuclear matter in which quarks and gluons are not bound into hadrons. In…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-08-13 C. Aidala , Y. Akiba , M. Alfred , V. Andrieux , K. Aoki , N. Apadula , H. Asano , C. Ayuso , B. Azmoun , V. Babintsev , A. Bagoly , N. S. Bandara , K. N. Barish , S. Bathe , A. Bazilevsky , M. Beaumier , R. Belmont , A. Berdnikov , Y. Berdnikov , D. S. Blau , M. Boer , J. S. Bok , M. L. Brooks , J. Bryslawskyj , V. Bumazhnov , C. Butler , S. Campbell , V. Canoa Roman , R. Cervantes , C. Y. Chi , M. Chiu , I. J. Choi , J. B. Choi , Z. Citron , M. Connors , N. Cronin , M. Csanád , T. Csörgő , T. W. Danley , M. S. Daugherity , G. David , K. DeBlasio , K. Dehmelt , A. Denisov , A. Deshpande , E. J. Desmond , A. Dion , D. Dixit , L. D. Liu , J. H. Do , A. Drees , K. A. Drees , M. Dumancic , J. M. Durham , A. Durum , T. Elder , A. Enokizono , H. En'yo , S. Esumi , B. Fadem , W. Fan , N. Feege , D. E. Fields , M. Finger , M. Finger, , S. L. Fokin , J. E. Frantz , A. Franz , A. D. Frawley , Y. Fukuda , C. Gal , P. Gallus , P. Garg , H. Ge , F. Giordano , Y. Goto , N. Grau , S. V. Greene , M. Grosse Perdekamp , T. Gunji , H. Guragain , T. Hachiya , J. S. Haggerty , K. I. Hahn , H. Hamagaki , H. F. Hamilton , S. Y. Han , J. Hanks , S. Hasegawa , T. O. S. Haseler , X. He , T. K. Hemmick , J. C. Hill , K. Hill , A. Hodges , R. S. Hollis , K. Homma , B. Hong , T. Hoshino , N. Hotvedt , J. Huang , S. Huang , K. Imai , J. Imrek , M. Inaba , A. Iordanova , D. Isenhower , Y. Ito , D. Ivanishchev , B. V. Jacak , M. Jezghani , Z. Ji , X. Jiang , B. M. Johnson , V. Jorjadze , D. Jouan , D. S. Jumper , J. H. Kang , D. Kapukchyan , S. Karthas , D. Kawall , A. V. Kazantsev , V. Khachatryan , A. Khanzadeev , C. Kim , D. J. Kim , E. -J. Kim , M. Kim , M. H. Kim , D. Kincses , E. Kistenev , J. Klatsky , P. Kline , T. Koblesky , D. Kotov , S. Kudo , K. Kurita , Y. Kwon , J. G. Lajoie , E. O. Lallow , A. Lebedev , S. Lee , S. H. Lee , M. J. Leitch , Y. H. Leung , N. A. Lewis , X. Li , S. H. Lim , M. X. Liu , V-R Loggins , V. -R. Loggins , S. Lökös , K. Lovasz , D. Lynch , T. Majoros , Y. I. Makdisi , M. Makek , M. Malaev , V. I. Manko , E. Mannel , H. Masuda , M. McCumber , P. L. McGaughey , D. McGlinchey , C. McKinney , M. Mendoza , A. C. Mignerey , D. E. Mihalik , A. Milov , D. K. Mishra , J. T. Mitchell , G. Mitsuka , S. Miyasaka , S. Mizuno , P. Montuenga , T. Moon , D. P. Morrison , S. I. Morrow , T. Murakami , J. Murata , K. Nagai , K. Nagashima , T. Nagashima , J. L. Nagle , M. I. Nagy , I. Nakagawa , H. Nakagomi , K. Nakano , C. Nattrass , T. Niida , R. Nouicer , T. Novák , N. Novitzky , R. Novotny , A. S. Nyanin , E. O'Brien , C. A. Ogilvie , J. D. Orjuela Koop , J. D. Osborn , A. Oskarsson , G. J. Ottino , K. Ozawa , V. Pantuev , V. Papavassiliou , J. S. Park , S. Park , S. F. Pate , M. Patel , W. Peng , D. V. Perepelitsa , G. D. N. Perera , D. Yu. Peressounko , C. E. PerezLara , J. Perry , R. Petti , M. Phipps , C. Pinkenburg , R. P. Pisani , A. Pun , M. L. Purschke , P. V. Radzevich , K. F. Read , D. Reynolds , V. Riabov , Y. Riabov , D. Richford , T. Rinn , S. D. Rolnick , M. Rosati , Z. Rowan , J. Runchey , A. S. Safonov , T. Sakaguchi , H. Sako , V. Samsonov , M. Sarsour , K. Sato , S. Sato , B. Schaefer , B. K. Schmoll , K. Sedgwick , R. Seidl , A. Sen , R. Seto , A. Sexton , D. Sharma , I. Shein , T. -A. Shibata , K. Shigaki , M. Shimomura , T. Shioya , P. Shukla , A. Sickles , C. L. Silva , D. Silvermyr , B. K. Singh , C. P. Singh , V. Singh , M. J. Skoby , M. Slunečka , K. L. Smith , M. Snowball , R. A. Soltz , W. E. Sondheim , S. P. Sorensen , I. V. Sourikova , P. W. Stankus , S. P. Stoll , T. Sugitate , A. Sukhanov , T. Sumita , J. Sun , Z Sun , Z. Sun , S. Syed , J. Sziklai , A Takeda , K. Tanida , M. J. Tannenbaum , S. Tarafdar , A. Taranenko , A. Taranenko , G. Tarnai , R. Tieulent , A. Timilsina , T. Todoroki , M. Tomášek , C. L. Towell , R. S. Towell , I. Tserruya , Y. Ueda , B. Ujvari , H. W. van Hecke , S. Vazquez-Carson , J. Velkovska , M. Virius , V. Vrba , N. Vukman , X. R. Wang , Z. Wang , Y. Watanabe , Y. S. Watanabe , C. P. Wong , C. L. Woody , C. Xu , Q. Xu , L. Xue , S. Yalcin , Y. L. Yamaguchi , H. Yamamoto , A. Yanovich , P. Yin , J. H. Yoo , I. Yoon , H. Yu , I. E. Yushmanov , W. A. Zajc , A. Zelenski , S. Zharko , L. Zou

The bulk motion of nuclear matter at the ultra-high temperatures created in heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider is well described in terms of nearly inviscid hydrodynamics, thereby…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2018-11-14 J. L. Nagle , W. A. Zajc

Differential triangular flow, $v_3(p_T)$, of negative pions is measured at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 17.3 GeV around midrapidity by the CERES/NA45 experiment at CERN in central PbAu collisions in the range 0-30\% with a mean centrality of 5.5\%.…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2018-02-14 Jovan Milosevic

Small nuclear collisions are mainly sensitive to cold-nuclear-matter effects; however, the collective behavior observed in these collisions shows a hint of hot-nuclear-matter effects. The identified-particle spectra, especially the $\phi$…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2022-07-27 U. Acharya , A. Adare , C. Aidala , N. N. Ajitanand , Y. Akiba , M. Alfred , V. Andrieux , N. Apadula , H. Asano , B. Azmoun , V. Babintsev , M. Bai , N. S. Bandara , B. Bannier , K. N. Barish , S. Bathe , A. Bazilevsky , M. Beaumier , S. Beckman , R. Belmont , A. Berdnikov , Y. Berdnikov , L. Bichon , B. Blankenship , D. S. Blau , J. S. Bok , V. Borisov , K. Boyle , M. L. Brooks , J. Bryslawskyj , V. Bumazhnov , S. Campbell , V. Canoa Roman , R. Cervantes , C. -H. Chen , M. Chiu , C. Y. Chi , I. J. Choi , J. B. Choi , T. Chujo , Z. Citron , M. Connors , R. Corliss , Y. Corrales Morales , N. Cronin , M. Csanád , T. Csörgő , T. W. Danley , A. Datta , M. S. Daugherity , G. David , C. T. Dean , K. DeBlasio , K. Dehmelt , A. Denisov , A. Deshpande , E. J. Desmond , A. Dion , P. B. Diss , D. Dixit , J. H. Do , V. Doomra , A. Drees , K. A. Drees , J. M. Durham , A. Durum , H. En'yo , A. Enokizono , R. Esha , S. Esumi , B. Fadem , W. Fan , N. Feege , D. E. Fields , M. Finger, , M. Finger , D. Firak , D. Fitzgerald , S. L. Fokin , J. E. Frantz , A. Franz , A. D. Frawley , Y. Fukuda , P. Gallus , C. Gal , P. Garg , H. Ge , M. Giles , F. Giordano , A. Glenn , Y. Goto , N. Grau , S. V. Greene , M. Grosse Perdekamp , T. Gunji , H. Guragain , T. Hachiya , J. S. Haggerty , K. I. Hahn , H. Hamagaki , H. F. Hamilton , J. Hanks , S. Y. Han , M. Harvey , S. Hasegawa , T. O. S. Haseler , K. Hashimoto , T. K. Hemmick , X. He , J. C. Hill , K. Hill , A. Hodges , R. S. Hollis , K. Homma , B. Hong , T. Hoshino , N. Hotvedt , J. Huang , K. Imai , M. Inaba , A. Iordanova , D. Isenhower , D. Ivanishchev , B. V. Jacak , M. Jezghani , X. Jiang , Z. Ji , B. M. Johnson , D. Jouan , D. S. Jumper , S. Kanda , J. H. Kang , D. Kapukchyan , S. Karthas , D. Kawall , A. V. Kazantsev , J. A. Key , V. Khachatryan , A. Khanzadeev , A. Khatiwada , B. Kimelman , C. Kim , D. J. Kim , E. -J. Kim , G. W. Kim , M. Kim , T. Kim , D. Kincses , A. Kingan , E. Kistenev , R. Kitamura , J. Klatsky , D. Kleinjan , P. Kline , T. Koblesky , B. Komkov , D. Kotov , L. Kovacs , S. Kudo , B. Kurgyis , K. Kurita , M. Kurosawa , Y. Kwon , J. G. Lajoie , D. Larionova , A. Lebedev , S. Lee , S. H. Lee , M. J. Leitch , Y. H. Leung , N. A. Lewis , S. H. Lim , M. X. Liu , X. Li , X. Li , V. -R. Loggins , D. A. Loomis , K. Lovasz , D. Lynch , S. Lökös , T. Majoros , Y. I. Makdisi , M. Makek , A. Manion , V. I. Manko , E. Mannel , M. McCumber , P. L. McGaughey , D. McGlinchey , C. McKinney , A. Meles , M. Mendoza , A. C. Mignerey , A. Milov , D. K. Mishra , J. T. Mitchell , M. Mitrankova , Iu. Mitrankov , G. Mitsuka , S. Miyasaka , S. Mizuno , A. Mohamed , A. K. Mohanty , M. M. Mondal , P. Montuenga , T. Moon , D. P. Morrison , T. V. Moukhanova , B. Mulilo , T. Murakami , J. Murata , A. Mwai , K. Nagai , K. Nagashima , T. Nagashima , J. L. Nagle , M. I. Nagy , I. Nakagawa , H. Nakagomi , K. Nakano , C. Nattrass , S. Nelson , P. K. Netrakanti , T. Niida , S. Nishimura , R. Nouicer , N. Novitzky , T. Novák , G. Nukazuka , A. S. Nyanin , E. O'Brien , C. A. Ogilvie , J. Oh , J. D. Orjuela Koop , M. Orosz , J. D. Osborn , A. Oskarsson , G. J. Ottino , K. Ozawa , R. Pak , V. Pantuev , V. Papavassiliou , J. S. Park , S. Park , M. Patel , S. F. Pate , J. -C. Peng , W. Peng , D. V. Perepelitsa , G. D. N. Perera , D. Yu. Peressounko , C. E. PerezLara , J. Perry , R. Petti , M. Phipps , C. Pinkenburg , R. Pinson , R. P. Pisani , M. Potekhin , A. Pun , M. L. Purschke , P. V. Radzevich , J. Rak , N. Ramasubramanian , B. J. Ramson , I. Ravinovich , K. F. Read , D. Reynolds , V. Riabov , Y. Riabov , D. Richford , T. Rinn , S. D. Rolnick , M. Rosati , Z. Rowan , J. G. Rubin , J. Runchey , A. S. Safonov , B. Sahlmueller , N. Saito , T. Sakaguchi , H. Sako , V. Samsonov , M. Sarsour , S. Sato , B. Schaefer , B. K. Schmoll , K. Sedgwick , R. Seidl , A. Sen , R. Seto , P. Sett , A. Sexton , D. Sharma , I. Shein , Z. Shi , M. Shibata , T. -A. Shibata , K. Shigaki , M. Shimomura , T. Shioya , P. Shukla , A. Sickles , C. L. Silva , D. Silvermyr , B. K. Singh , C. P. Singh , V. Singh , M. Slunečka , K. L. Smith , M. Snowball , R. A. Soltz , W. E. Sondheim , S. P. Sorensen , I. V. Sourikova , P. W. Stankus , M. Stepanov , S. P. Stoll , T. Sugitate , A. Sukhanov , T. Sumita , J. Sun , Z. Sun , J. Sziklai , R. Takahama , A. Taketani , K. Tanida , M. J. Tannenbaum , S. Tarafdar , A. Taranenko , G. Tarnai , R. Tieulent , A. Timilsina , T. Todoroki , M. Tomášek , C. L. Towell , R. Towell , R. S. Towell , I. Tserruya , Y. Ueda , B. Ujvari , H. W. van Hecke , J. Velkovska , M. Virius , V. Vrba , N. Vukman , X. R. Wang , Z. Wang , Y. Watanabe , Y. S. Watanabe , F. Wei , A. S. White , C. P. Wong , C. L. Woody , M. Wysocki , B. Xia , L. Xue , C. Xu , Q. Xu , S. Yalcin , Y. L. Yamaguchi , H. Yamamoto , A. Yanovich , I. Yoon , J. H. Yoo , I. E. Yushmanov , H. Yu , W. A. Zajc , A. Zelenski , S. Zhou , L. Zou

We demonstrate by explicit calculations in 3+1 dimensional viscous relativistic fluid dynamics how two-particle pseudorapidity correlation functions in heavy ion collisions at the LHC and RHIC depend on the number of particle producing…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-12-02 Akihiko Monnai , Bjoern Schenke

It is well understood that subnuclear fluctuations in the initial state of heavy-ion collisions have an important impact on the creation of long-range correlations in the transverse plane. This is also true for the creation of particle…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-10-23 Oscar Garcia-Montero , Sören Schlichting , Jie Zhu

We introduce the concepts of participant triangularity and triangular flow in heavy-ion collisions, analogous to the definitions of participant eccentricity and elliptic flow. The participant triangularity characterizes the triangular…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-11-20 B. Alver , G. Roland

We introduce a cumulant expansion to parameterize possible initial conditions in relativistic heavy ion collisions. We show that the cumulant expansion converges and that it can systematically reproduce the results of Glauber type initial…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2011-08-02 Derek Teaney , Li Yan

Results of a systematic study of fully integrated particle multiplicities in central Au-Au and Pb-Pb collisions at beam momenta 1.7 A GeV, 11.6 A GeV (Au-Au) and 158 A GeV (Pb-Pb) using a statistical-thermal model are presented. The close…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2017-08-23 F. Becattini , J. Cleymans , A. Keranen , E. Suhonen , K. Redlich

The triangular enhancement of the rapidity distribution of hadrons produced in p+A reactions relative to p+p is a leading order in A^{1/3}/log(s) violation of longitudinal boost invariance at high energies. In A+A reactions this leads to a…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-09-08 A. Adil , M. Gyulassy

In high energy collisions involving small nuclei (p+p or x+Au collisions where x=p, d, or $^3$He) the fluctuating size, shape and internal gluonic structure of the nucleon is shown to have a strong effect on the initial size and shape of…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2016-09-21 Kevin Welsh , Jordan Singer , Ulrich W. Heinz

Within the framework of the coalescence model based on the phase-space distributions of protons and neutrons generated from the {{\tt iEBE-VISHNU}} hybrid model with {{\tt AMPT}} initial conditions, we study the spectra and elliptic flow of…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2018-11-28 Wenbin Zhao , Lilin Zhu , Hua Zheng , Che Ming Ko , Huichao Song

Recent results from the PHOBOS experiment at RHIC are presented, both from Au+Au collisions from the 2001 run and p+p and d+Au collisions from 2003. The centrality dependence of the total charged particle multiplicity in p+p and d+Au show…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2008-11-26 Peter Steinberg , PHOBOS collaboration

To study the microscopic structure of quark-gluon plasma, data from hadronic collisions must be confronted with models that go beyond fluid dynamics. Here, we study a simple kinetic theory model that encompasses fluid dynamics but contains…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2020-01-08 Aleksi Kurkela , Urs Achim Wiedemann , Bin Wu

We analyse the recently available experimental data on direct photon productions from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=200 GeV RHIC and from Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=2.76 TeV LHC energies. The transverse momentum ($p_T$)…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2015-06-11 Jajati K. Nayak , Bikash Sinha