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This paper develops a geometric reinterpretation of probability in which expectation arises from averaging in probability coordinates rather than in value space. By interpreting the cumulative distribution functions as coordinate maps, a…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Manuela-Simona Cojocea

The pointwise mutual information profile, or simply profile, is the distribution of pointwise mutual information for a given pair of random variables. One of its important properties is that its expected value is precisely the mutual…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-30 Paweł Czyż , Frederic Grabowski , Julia E. Vogt , Niko Beerenwinkel , Alexander Marx

In this article, we obtain the exact distribution of a linear combination of bilateral gamma (BG) random variables (r.v.s). Next, we discuss the distributional properties of the linear combination of BG r.v.s, including probability density…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Kalyan Barman , Palaniappan Vellaisamy

Historically, probability theory has been studied for a long time, and Kolmogorov, Levy Ito Kiyoshi, and others have mathematically developed modern probability in conjunction with measurement theory. On the other hand, commutative algebra…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-03-04 Naoya Maeda

Since Kolmogorov's theory, turbulence has been studied using various methods, many of which could be now be understood in a probabilistic framework. Herein, a comprehensive review of the advances made on stochastic theory of turbulence…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-11-24 Ali Poursina , Ali Pourjamal , Ali Bozorg

We investigate topological, combinatorial, statistical, and enumeration properties of finite graphs with high Kolmogorov complexity (almost all graphs) using the novel incompressibility method. Example results are: (i) the mean and variance…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Harry Buhrman , Ming Li , John Tromp , Paul Vitanyi

Exponential distributions appear in a wide range of applications including chemistry, nuclear physics, time series analyses, and stock market trends. There are conceivable circumstances in which one would be interested in the cumulative…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2018-03-23 Cecilia Chirenti , M. Coleman Miller

This paper addresses the central question of what a coherent concept of probability might look like that would do justice to both classical probability theory, axiomatized by Kolmogorov, and quantum theory. At a time when quanta are…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2024-04-01 Christian Hugo Hoffmann

We introduce a novel perspective by linking ordered probabilistic choice to copula theory, a mathematical framework for modeling dependencies in multivariate distributions. Each representation of ordered probabilistic choice behavior can be…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-07-10 Christopher P. Chambers , Yusufcan Masatlioglu , Kemal Yildiz

Coulomb gases are special probability distributions, related to potential theory, that appear at many places in pure and applied mathematics and physics. In these short expository notes, we focus on some models, ideas, and structures. We…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-03-11 Djalil Chafaï

Consider $n$ iid random variables, where $\xi_1, \ldots, \xi_n$ are $n$ realisations of a random variable $\xi$ and $\zeta_1, \ldots, \zeta_n$ are $n$ realisations of a random variable $\zeta$. The distribution of each realisation of $\xi$,…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-03-06 Tommy Liu

In this article the idea of random variables over the set theoretic universe is investigated. We explore what it can mean for a random set to have a specific probability of belonging to an antecedently given class of sets.

Logic · Mathematics 2019-03-21 Hazel Brickhill , Leon Horsten

Education in statistics, the application of statistics in scientific research, and statistics itself as a scientific discipline are in crisis. Within science, the main cause of the crisis is the insufficiently clarified concept of…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2023-10-03 Boris Čulina

Suppose we are given the conditional probability of one variable given some other variables.Normally the full joint distribution over the conditioning variablesis required to determine the probability of the conditioned variable.Under what…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-01-14 Avi Pfeffer

The basic system of differential equations for a multiphase flow with the introduction of the probability of each phase in the flow is considered. The main analysis is focused on the case of a heterogeneous two-phase flow. The conservation…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2018-03-12 Ivan Kazachkov

We consider a discrete latent variable model for two-way data arrays, which allows one to simultaneously produce clusters along one of the data dimensions (e.g. exchangeable observational units or features) and contiguous groups, or…

Several Artificial Intelligence schemes for reasoning under uncertainty explore either explicitly or implicitly asymmetries among probabilities of various states of their uncertain domain models. Even though the correct working of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-28 Marek J. Druzdzel

Probability distributions which can be obtained from superpositions of Gaussian distributions of different variances v = \sigma ^2 play a favored role in quantum theory and financial markets. Such superpositions need not necessarily obey…

Other Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-13 Petr Jizba , Hagen Kleinert

The aim of this work is to provide a unified framework for ordinal representations of uncertainty lying at the crosswords between possibility and probability theories. Such confidence relations between events are commonly found in monotonic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-08-07 Didier Dubois , Helene Fargier

In terms of the Dirac representation of sample mean and the weak convergence of empirical distributions that holds almost surely, we construct a new proof for a strong law of large numbers of Kolmogorov's type with i.i.d. random variables…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-09-02 Yu-Lin Chou