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It is well-established that quantum probability does not follow classical Kolmogorov probability calculus. Various approaches have been developed to loosen the axioms, of which the use of signed measures is the most successful (e.g. the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-17 Gabriele Carcassi , Christine A. Aidala

Quantum measurements are described as instantaneous projections in textbooks. They can be stretched out in time using weak measurements, whereby one can observe the evolution of a quantum state as it heads towards one of the eigenstates of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-11 Parveen Kumar , Suman Kundu , Madhavi Chand , R. Vijayaraghavan , Apoorva Patel

The author summarizes the Quantum Bayesian viewpoint of quantum mechanics, developed originally by C. M. Caves, R. Schack, and himself. It is a view crucially dependent upon the tools of quantum information theory. Work at the Perimeter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-03-29 Christopher A. Fuchs

The discovery of accelerating expansion of the universe has led us to take the dramatic view that our universe may be one of the many universes in which low energy physical laws take different forms: the multiverse. I explain why/how this…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2012-07-31 Yasunori Nomura

A brief review is given of the present state of an approach to consistency between basic quantum mechanics and a unique macroscopic reality, with no assumption of branching in the state of the universe. The main new idea consists in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-02-08 Roland Omnes

The conventional postulate for the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics is asymmetric in preparation and measurement, making retrodiction reliant on inference by use of Bayes' theorem. Here, a more fundamental symmetric…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 David T. Pegg , Stephen M. Barnett , John Jeffers

Probabilities in quantum theory are traditionally given by Born's rule as the expectation values of projection operators. Here it is shown that Born's rule is insufficient in universes so large that they contain identical multiple copies of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-03-15 Don N. Page

Understanding the core content of quantum mechanics requires us to disentangle the hidden logical relationships between the postulates of this theory. Here we show that the mathematical structure of quantum measurements, the formula for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-02 Lluís Masanes , Thomas D. Galley , Markus P. Müller

The experimental problem of converting a measured binomial quantity, the fraction of events in a sample that pass a cut, into a physical binomial quantity, the fraction of events originating from a signal source, is described as a system of…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2007-05-23 Michael L. Kelly

In any given experimental scenario, the rules of quantum theory provide statistical distributions that the observed outcomes are expected to follow. The set formed by all these distributions contains the imprint of quantum theory, capturing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Victor Barizien , Jean-Daniel Bancal

The predictions of quantum mechanics are probabilistic. Quantum probabilities are extracted using a postulate of the theory called the Born rule, the status of which is central to the "measurement problem" of quantum mechanics. Efforts to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-13 T. G. Philbin

Every measurement determines a single value as its outcome, and yet quantum mechanics predicts it only probabilistically. The Kochen-Specker theorem and Bell's inequality are often considered to reject a realist view but favor a skeptical…

General Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Masanao Ozawa

We propose an intermediate walk continuously connecting an open quantum random walk and a quantum walk with parameters $M\in \mathbb{N}$ controlling a decoherence effect; if $M=1$, the walk coincides with an open quantum random walk, while…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-03 Norio Konno , Kaname Matsue , Etsuo Segawa

The standard model of the quantum theory of measurement is based on an interaction Hamiltonian in which the observable-to-be-measured is multiplied with some observable of a probe system. This simple Ansatz has proved extremely fruitful in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 Paul Busch , Pekka Lahti

The notion of probability plays a crucial role in quantum mechanics. It appears in quantum mechanics as the Born rule. In modern mathematics which describes quantum mechanics, however, probability theory means nothing other than measure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Kohtaro Tadaki

A model of quantum measurement, illustrated using the spin--boson model, is formulated in terms of a cascading pair of quantum phase transitions. The first produces the desired superposition of macroscopic responses to the microscopic state…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-12-19 Peter B. Weichman

An extension of the Born rule, the {\it quantum typicality rule}, has recently been proposed [B. Galvan: Found. Phys. 37, 1540-1562 (2007)]. Roughly speaking, this rule states that if the wave function of a particle is split into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-06-08 Bruno Galvan

We comment on the fact that certain mathematical models that have been proposed in the quantum gravity literature, may not be subject to experimental checks, even if they turn out to be mathematically well defined. This means that they…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-11-12 T. Banks

In quantum experiments the acquisition and representation of basic experimental information is governed by the multinomial probability distribution. There exist unique random variables, whose standard deviation becomes asymptotically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-23 Johann Summhammer

We explore the measurement problem in the entropic dynamics approach to quantum theory. The dual modes of quantum evolution---either continuous unitary evolution or abrupt wave function collapse during measurement---are unified by virtue of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-30 David T. Johnson , Ariel Caticha