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Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) mediate the exchange of materials between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm, playing a key role in the separation of nucleic acids and proteins into their required compartments. The static structure of the NPC is…
Proteins are translated from the N- to the C-terminus, raising the basic question of how this innate directionality affects their evolution. To explore this question, we analyze 16,200 structures from the protein data bank (PDB). We find…
Electrochemical supercapacitors utilizing {\alpha}-MnO2 offer the possibility of both high power density and high energy density. Unfortunately, the mechanism of electrochemical charge storage in {\alpha}-MnO2 and the effect of operating…
This paper investigates the key role of Feed-Forward Networks (FFNs) in transformer models by utilizing the Parallel Attention and Feed-Forward Net Design (PAF) architecture, and comparing it to their Series Attention and Feed-Forward Net…
Recent experiments have demonstrated that dynein motor exhibits catch bonding behaviour, in which the unbinding rate of a single dynein decreases with increasing force, for a certain range of force. Motivated by these experiments, we…
Since the birth of computer and networks, fuelled by pervasive computing and ubiquitous connectivity, the amount of data stored and transmitted has exponentially grown through the years. Due to this demand, new solutions for storing data…
We experimentally investigate how aerotactic bacteria, confined within a thin liquid film between two solid substrates, respond to a controlled oxygen gradient. We find that the total bacterial number density dictates which mechanism…
In this work we provide new insights into the transformer architecture, and in particular, its best-known variant, BERT. First, we propose a method to measure the degree of non-linearity of different elements of transformers. Next, we focus…
We investigate signatures of convergence for a sequence of diffusion processes on a line, in conservative force fields stemming from superharmonic potentials $U(x)\sim x^m$, $m=2n \geq 2$. This is paralleled by a transformation of each…
Several different enzymes display an apparent diffusion coefficient that increases with the concentration of their substrate. Moreover, their motion becomes directed in substrate gradients. Currently, there are several competing models for…
Studies of circular DNA confined to nanofluidic channels are relevant both from a fundamental polymer-physics perspective and due to the importance of circular DNA molecules in vivo. We here observe the unfolding of DNA from the circular to…
Many agent-based mathematical models of cranial neural crest cell (CNCC) migration impose a binary phenotypic partition of cells into either leaders or followers. In such models, the movement of leader cells at the front of collectives is…
Controlled growth, patterning and placement of carbon nanotube (CNT) thin films for electronic applications are demonstrated. The density of CNT films is controlled by optimizing the feed gas composition as well as the concentration of…
We study the formation of spot patterns seen in a variety of bacterial species when the bacteria are subjected to oxidative stress due to hazardous byproducts of respiration. Our approach consists of coupling the cell density field to a…
Exactly solvable neural network models with asymmetric weights are rare, and exact solutions are available only in some mean-field approaches. In this article we find exact analytical solutions of an asymmetric spin-glass-like model of…
The proper positioning of the mitotic spindle is crucial for asymmetric cell division and generating cell diversity during development. Proper position in the single-cell embryo of Caenorhabditis elegans is achieved initially by the…
Bacteria evolve in volatile environments and complex spatial structures. Migration, fluctuations and environmental variability therefore have a significant impact on the evolution of microbial populations. Here, we consider a class of…
The twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system transports folded proteins of various sizes across both bacterial and plant thylakoid membranes. The membrane-associated TatA protein is an essential component of the Tat translocon, and a broad…
Macroscopic arrays of highly crystalline nanocarbons offer the possibility of modifying the electronic structure of their low dimensional constituents, for example through doping, and studying the resulting collective bulk behaviour.…
The investigation of collective behaviour in dense assemblies of self-propelled active particles has been motivated by a wide range of biological phenomena. Of particular interest are dynamical transitions of cellular and sub-cellular…