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Reward function is essential in reinforcement learning (RL), serving as the guiding signal to incentivize agents to solve given tasks, however, is also notoriously difficult to design. In many cases, only imperfect rewards are available,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Jianxiong Li , Xiao Hu , Haoran Xu , Jingjing Liu , Xianyuan Zhan , Qing-Shan Jia , Ya-Qin Zhang

Model evolution and constant availability of data are two common phenomena in large-scale real-world machine learning applications, e.g. ads and recommendation systems. To adapt, the real-world system typically retrain with all available…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Jian Zhu , Congcong Liu , Pei Wang , Xiwei Zhao , Zhangang Lin , Jingping Shao

Algorithms in machine learning and AI do critically depend on at least three key components: (i) the risk function, which is the expectation of the loss function, (ii) the function space, which is often called the hypothesis space, and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-08 Lena Helgerth , Andreas Christmann

We establish risk bounds for Regularized Empirical Risk Minimizers (RERM) when the loss is Lipschitz and convex and the regularization function is a norm. In a first part, we obtain these results in the i.i.d. setup under subgaussian…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-01-07 Geoffrey Chinot , Guillaume Lecué , Matthieu Lerasle

Loss functions like Categorical Cross Entropy (CCE), Binary Cross Entropy (BCE), and Bayesian Personalized Ranking (BPR) are commonly used in training Recommender Systems (RSs) to differentiate positive items - those interacted with by…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Giulia Di Teodoro , Federico Siciliano , Nicola Tonellotto , Fabrizio Silvestri

Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) usually assumes the reward function model is pre-specified as a weighted sum of features and estimates the weighting parameters only. However, how to select features and determine a proper reward model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Chendi Qu , Jianping He , Xiaoming Duan , Jiming Chen

Reward design remains a significant bottleneck in applying reinforcement learning (RL) to real-world problems. A popular alternative is reward learning, where reward functions are inferred from human feedback rather than manually specified.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Chaitanya Kharyal , Calarina Muslimani , Matthew E. Taylor

We introduce a new surrogate loss function called orbit loss in the structured prediction framework, which has good theoretical and practical advantages. While the orbit loss is not convex, it has a simple analytical gradient and a simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-12-10 Danny Karmon , Joseph Keshet

We consider regression with square loss and general classes of functions without the boundedness assumption. We introduce a notion of offset Rademacher complexity that provides a transparent way to study localization both in expectation and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-07-27 Tengyuan Liang , Alexander Rakhlin , Karthik Sridharan

All machine learning algorithms use a loss, cost, utility or reward function to encode the learning objective and oversee the learning process. This function that supervises learning is a frequently unrecognized hyperparameter that…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Mathew Mithra Noel , Arindam Banerjee , Yug Oswal , Geraldine Bessie Amali D , Venkataraman Muthiah-Nakarajan

We analyse optimum reject strategies for prototype-based classifiers and real-valued rejection measures, using the distance of a data point to the closest prototype or probabilistic counterparts. We compare reject schemes with global…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-24 Lydia Fischer , Barbara Hammer , Heiko Wersing

Classifying patterns of known classes and rejecting ambiguous and novel (also called as out-of-distribution (OOD)) inputs are involved in open world pattern recognition. Deep neural network models usually excel in closed-set classification…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Zhen Cheng , Xu-Yao Zhang , Cheng-Lin Liu

This paper reports applications of Difference of Convex functions (DC) programming to Learning from Demonstrations (LfD) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) with expert data. This is made possible because the norm of the Optimal Bellman…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-09-06 Bilal Piot , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin

Existing training-time safety alignment techniques for large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Direct preference optimization (DPO), a widely deployed alignment method, exhibits limitations in both experimental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Xuandong Zhao , Will Cai , Tianneng Shi , David Huang , Licong Lin , Song Mei , Dawn Song

Estimating the ratio of two probability densities from a finite number of observations is a central machine learning problem. A common approach is to construct estimators using binary classifiers that distinguish observations from the two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Werner Zellinger

The statistics and machine learning communities have recently seen a growing interest in classification-based approaches to two-sample testing. The outcome of a classification-based two-sample test remains a rejection decision, which is not…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-11-15 Loris Michel , Jeffrey Näf , Nicolai Meinshausen

In deep neural network, the cross-entropy loss function is commonly used for classification. Minimizing cross-entropy is equivalent to maximizing likelihood under assumptions of uniform feature and class distributions. It belongs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Donglai Zhu , Hengshuai Yao , Bei Jiang , Peng Yu

Offline Reinforcement Learning has attracted much interest in solving the application challenge for traditional reinforcement learning. Offline reinforcement learning uses previously-collected datasets to train agents without any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Chen Zhao , Kai Xing Huang , Chun yuan

Learning with rejection has been a prototypical model for studying the human-AI interaction on prediction tasks. Upon the arrival of a sample instance, the model first uses a rejector to decide whether to accept and use the AI predictor to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Xiaocheng Li , Shang Liu , Chunlin Sun , Hanzhao Wang

Statistical decision problems lie at the heart of statistical machine learning. The simplest problems are binary and multiclass classification and class probability estimation. Central to their definition is the choice of loss function,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Robert C. Williamson , Zac Cranko