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Residential segregation is analyzed via the Schelling model, in which two types of agents attempt to optimize their situation according to certain preferences and tolerance levels. Several variants of this work are focused on urban or…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-04-20 Diego Ortega , Javier Rodríguez-Laguna , Elka Korutcheva

In Schelling's segregation model agents of two ethnic groups reside in a regular grid and aim to live in a neighborhood that matches the minimum desired fraction of members of the same ethnicity. The model shows that observed segregation…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-09-06 Rocco Paolillo , Jan Lorenz

A version of the Schelling model on $\mathbb{Z}$ is defined, where two types of agents are allocated on the sites. An agent prefers to be surrounded by other agents of its own type, and may choose to move if this is not the case. It then…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-06-21 Maria Deijfen , Timo Hirscher

We consider strategic games that are inspired by Schelling's model of residential segregation. In our model, the agents are partitioned into k types and need to select locations on an undirected graph. Agents can be either stubborn, in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Edith Elkind , Jiarui Gan , Ayumi Igarashi , Warut Suksompong , Alexandros A. Voudouris

Thomas Schelling developed an influential demographic model that illustrated how, even with relatively mild assumptions on each individual's nearest neighbor preferences, an integrated city would likely unravel to a segregated city, even if…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2015-05-19 Abhinav Singh , Dmitri Vainchtein , Howard Weiss

The Schelling model is a prototype for agent-based modeling in social systems. We produce a comprehensive analysis of Schelling model rule variants by classifying the space of macroscopic outcomes using phase diagrams. Among 54 rule…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-19 Marlyn Boke , Timothy Sorochkin , Jesse Anttila-Hughes , Alan O. Jamison

Segregation is a growing concern around the world. One of its main manifestations is the creation of ghettos, whose inhabitants have difficult access to well-paid jobs, which are often located far from their homes. In order to study this…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-12-23 D. Ortega , E. Korutcheva

The Schelling model, introduced by Schelling in 1969 as a model for residential segregation in cities, describes how populations of multiple types self-organize to form homogeneous clusters of one type. In this model, vertices in an…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-02-12 Nina Holden , Scott Sheffield

Schelling segregation is a well-established model used to investigate the dynamics of segregation in agent-based models. Since we consider segregation to be key for the development of political polarisation, we are interested in what…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Sage Anastasi , Giulio Dalla Riva

Since the development of the original Schelling model of urban segregation, several enhancements have been proposed, but none have considered the impact of mobility constraints on model dynamics. Recent studies have shown that human…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-09-26 Daniele Gambetta , Giovanni Mauro , Luca Pappalardo

Thomas Schelling introduced his agent-based model of segregation in 1971 and concluded that even when there is a low amount of intolerance within society that segregation will develop if people follow their individual preferences. A large…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2024-03-05 Joseph D. Johnson , Marisa C. Eisenberg

Agent-based models of residential segregation have been of persistent interest to various research communities since their origin with James Sakoda and popularization by Thomas Schelling. Frequently, these models have sought to elucidate…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-05-14 Will Deter , Hiroki Sayama

Schelling games model the wide-spread phenomenon of residential segregation in metropolitan areas from a game-theoretic point of view. In these games agents of different types each strategically select a node on a given graph that models…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Tobias Friedrich , Pascal Lenzner , Louise Molitor , Lars Seifert

The Schelling model of segregation between two groups of residential agents (Schelling 1971; Schelling 1978) reflects the most abstract view of the non-economic forces of residential migrations: be close to people of 'your own'. The model…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-10-14 Itzhak Benenson , Erez Hatna

Schelling's model is an influential model that reveals how individual perceptions and incentives can lead to residential segregation. Inspired by a recent stream of work, we study welfare guarantees and complexity in this model with respect…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-21 Martin Bullinger , Warut Suksompong , Alexandros A. Voudouris

Agent-based models are a natural choice for modeling complex social systems. In such models simple stochastic interaction rules for a large population of individuals can lead to emergent dynamics on the macroscopic scale, for instance a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-08-02 Luzie Helfmann , Jobst Heitzig , Péter Koltai , Jürgen Kurths , Christof Schütte

This paper generalizes the original Schelling (1969, 1971a,b, 2006) model of racial and residential segregation to a context of variable externalities due to social linkages. In a setting in which individuals' utility function is a convex…

General Economics · Economics 2023-01-24 Roy Cerqueti , Luca De Benedictis , Valerio Leone Sciabolazza

We consider the constrained Schelling model of social segregation in which the utility factor of agents strictly increases and non-local jumps of the agents are allowed. In the present study, the utility factor u is defined in a way such…

Physics and Society · Physics 2016-03-09 Parna Roy , Parongama Sen

We propose a metapopulation version of the Schelling model where two kinds of agents relocate themselves, with unconstrained destination, if their local fitness is lower than a tolerance threshold. We show that, for small values of the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-05-05 Floriana Gargiulo , Yerali Gandica , Timoteo Carletti

In the simplest game-theoretic formulation of Schelling's model of segregation on graphs, agents of two different types each select their own vertex in a given graph so as to maximize the fraction of agents of their type in their occupied…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Luca Kreisel , Niclas Boehmer , Vincent Froese , Rolf Niedermeier