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Quantum fields can notoriously violate the null energy condition (NEC). In a cosmological context, NEC violation can lead to, e.g., dark energy at late times with an equation-of-state parameter smaller than $-1$ and nonsingular bounces at…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-01 Elly Moghtaderi , Brayden R. Hull , Jerome Quintin , Ghazal Geshnizjani

In order to have singularity-free solutions at the beginning of the Universe, we need to violate the null energy condition. In the general class of Horndeski gravity, there are healthy NEC-violating solutions, which however are plagued with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-11-21 Bobomurat Ahmedov , Konstantinos F. Dialektopoulos , Jackson Levi Said , Abdurakhmon Nosirov , Zinovia Oikonomopoulou , Odil Yunusov

Eternal inflation is shown to require violations of the Null Energy Condition (NEC) on superhorizon scales. With light scalar fields as the matter sources in a de Sitter background, there can be no classical or semiclassical violations of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Tanmay Vachaspati

We describe the different possibilities that a simple and apparently quite harmless classical scalar field theory provides to violate the energy conditions. We demonstrate that a non-minimally coupled scalar field with a positive curvature…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 Carlos Barcelo , Matt Visser

We establish a connection between the averaged null energy condition (ANEC) and the monotonicity of the renormalization group, by studying the light-ray operator $\int du T_{uu}$ in quantum field theories that flow between two conformal…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2023-09-27 Thomas Hartman , Grégoire Mathys

The negative energy density of Casimir systems appears to violate general relativity energy conditions. However, one cannot test the averaged null energy condition (ANEC) using standard calculations for perfectly reflecting plates, because…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 Noah Graham , Ken D. Olum

Dark energy cosmologies with an equation of state parameter $w$ less than -1 are often found to violate the null energy condition and show unstable behaviour. A solution to this problem may require the existence of a consistent effective…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-04-22 Ben M. Leith , Ishwaree P. Neupane

It is a well--known problem that in supersymmetric models there are new CP--violating phases which, if unsuppressed, would give a neutron electric dipole moment $10^2$ to $10^3$ times the present experimental limit. Here we propose that…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2010-11-01 K. S. Babu , S. M. Barr

Traversable wormhole solutions in General Relativity require exotic matter sources that violate the null energy condition (NEC), and such behavior maybe avoided in modified gravity. In this study, we analyze the energy conditions for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-01-25 Anshuman Baruah , Parangam Goswami , Atri Deshamukhya

We prove the Quantum Null Energy Condition (QNEC), a lower bound on the stress tensor in terms of the second variation in a null direction of the entropy of a region. The QNEC arose previously as a consequence of the Quantum Focussing…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-01-20 Raphael Bousso , Zachary Fisher , Jason Koeller , Stefan Leichenauer , Aron C. Wall

We consider the nonlinear Dirac equations (NLDE's) in 1+1 dimension with scalar-scalar self interaction $\frac{g^2}{\kappa+1} ({\bPsi} \Psi)^{\kappa+1}$ in the presence of various external electromagnetic fields. Starting from the exact…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2015-03-20 Franz G. Mertens , Niurka R. Quintero , Fred Cooper , Avinash Khare , Avadh Saxena

We point out an inconsistency in a method used in the literature for studying adiabatic scalar perturbations in a regular bouncing universe (in four dimensions). The method under scrutiny consists of splitting the Bardeen potential into two…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-05-29 Ghazal Geshnizjani , Thorsten J. Battefeld

We address the problem of fulfilling consistency conditions in solutions for disordered noninteracting electrons. We prove that if we assume the existence of the diffusion pole in an electron-hole symmetric theory we cannot achieve a…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2008-09-16 V. Janis , J. Kolorenc

We consider the game-theoretic approach to time-inconsistent stopping of a one-dimensional diffusion where the time-inconsistency is due to the presence of a non-exponential (weighted) discount function. In particular, we study (weak)…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-07-01 Andi Bodnariu , Sören Christensen , Kristoffer Lindensjö

We introduce the concept of energy-variational solutions for hyperbolic conservation laws. Intrinsically, these energy-variational solutions fulfill the weak-strong uniqueness principle and the semi-flow property, and the set of solutions…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-11-23 Thomas Eiter , Robert Lasarzik

We clarify the role of the oft-misunderstood Null Energy Condition (NEC) in the context of the current cosmological data. In particular, the NEC implies the sum of the total energy density and pressure satisfies $\rho_{tot}+P_{tot} \ge 0$;…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-12 Robert R. Caldwell , Eric V. Linder

We study the compatibility of the AdS/CFT duality with the bulk and boundary causality, and derive a conformally invariant averaged null energy condition (CANEC) for quantum field theories in 3 and 5-dimensional curved boundaries. This is…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-04-22 Norihiro Iizuka , Akihiro Ishibashi , Kengo Maeda

Higher-order time integration methods that unconditionally preserve the positivity and linear invariants of the underlying differential equation system cannot belong to the class of general linear methods. This poses a major challenge for…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-02-24 Thomas Izgin , Stefan Kopecz , Andreas Meister

The Averaged Null Energy Condition (ANEC) states that the integral along a complete null geodesic of the projection of the stress-energy tensor onto the tangent vector to the geodesic cannot be negative. Exotic spacetimes, such as those…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-03-14 Eleni-Alexandra Kontou , Ken D. Olum

We study the (weak) equilibrium problem arising from the problem of optimally stopping a one-dimensional diffusion subject to an expectation constraint on the time until stopping. The weak equilibrium problem is realized with a set of…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-06-14 Sören Christensen , Maike Klein , Boy Schultz