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One could begin a study like the present one by simply postulating that our universe is four-dimensional. There are ample reasons for doing this. Experience, observation and experiment all point to the fact that we inhabit a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-02-10 Stan Gudder

We describe an algebraic way to code the causal information of a discrete spacetime. The causal set C is transformed to a description in terms of the causal pasts of the events in C. This is done by an evolving set, a functor which to each…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-11-17 Fotini Markopoulou

The causal set approach to the problem of quantum gravity is based on the hypothesis that spacetime is fundamentally discrete. Spacetime discreteness opens the door to novel types of dynamical law for cosmology and the Classical Sequential…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-03-23 Fay Dowker , Stav Zalel

The classical sequential growth model for causal sets provides a template for the dynamics in the deep quantum regime. This growth dynamics is intrinsically temporal and causal, with each new element being added to the existing causal set…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-03-26 Sumati Surya , Stav Zalel

There are numerous indications that a discrete substratum underlies continuum spacetime. Any fundamentally discrete approach to quantum gravity must provide some prescription for how continuum properties emerge from the underlying…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-08-25 David Rideout , Petros Wallden

An important question that discrete approaches to quantum gravity must address is how continuum features of spacetime can be recovered from the discrete substructure. Here, we examine this question within the causal set approach to quantum…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Seth Major , David Rideout , Sumati Surya

This article presents a simplified version of the author's previous work. We first construct a causal growth process (CGP). We then form path Hilbert spaces using paths of varying lengths in the CGP. A sequence of positive operators on…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2013-05-23 Stan Gudder

A discrete quantum gravity model given by a quantum sequential growth process (QSGP) is considered. The QSGP describes the growth of causal sets (causets) one element at a time in discrete steps. It is shown that the set $\pscript$ of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-04-17 Stan Gudder

A new law of physics is proposed, defined on the cosmological scale but with significant implications for the microscale. Motivated by nonlinear dynamical systems theory and black-hole thermodynamics, the Invariant Set Postulate proposes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 T. N. Palmer

There are several indications (from different approaches) that Spacetime at the Plank Scale could be discrete. One approach to Quantum Gravity that takes this most seriously is the Causal Sets Approach. In this approach spacetime is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-05 David Rideout , Petros Wallden

A causal set is a countably infinite poset in which every element is above finitely many others; causal sets are exactly the posets that have a linear extension with the order-type of the natural numbers -- we call such a linear extension a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-01-31 Graham Brightwell , Malwina Luczak

In the approach of Causal Dynamical Triangulations (CDT), quantum gravity is obtained as a scaling limit of a non-perturbative path integral over space-times whose causal structure plays a crucial role in the construction. After some…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-11-30 L. Glaser , R. Loll

Identifying an appropriate set of ``observables'' is a nontrivial task for most approaches to quantum gravity. We describe how it may be accomplished in the context of a recently proposed family of stochastic (but classical) dynamical laws…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Graham Brightwell , H. Fay Dowker , Joe Henson , Raquel S. Garcia , Rafael D. Sorkin

We review a recently discovered continuum limit for the one-matrix model which describes "causal" two-dimensional quantum gravity. The behaviour of the quantum geometry in this limit is different from the quantum geometry of Euclidean…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-02-05 J. Ambjorn , R. Loll , Y. Watabiki , W. Westra , S. Zohren

We propose a structure called a causal site to use as a setting for quantum geometry, replacing the underlying point set. The structure has an interesting categorical form, and a natural "tangent 2-bundle," analogous to the tangent bundle…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 J. Daniel Christensen , Louis Crane

We propose a manifestly covariant framework for causal set dynamics. The framework is based on a structure, dubbed covtree, which is a partial order on certain sets of finite, unlabeled causal sets. We show that every infinite path in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-03-27 Fay Dowker , Nazireen Imambaccus , Amelia Owens , Rafael Sorkin , Stav Zalel

We evaluate the spectral dimension in causal set quantum gravity by simulating random walks on causal sets. In contrast to other approaches to quantum gravity, we find an increasing spectral dimension at small scales. This observation can…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-17 Astrid Eichhorn , Sebastian Mizera

Caustics-envelopes formed by the trajectories of fluid particles-arise in proposed dynamical extensions for shell-crossing singularities occurring in the Einstein-dust system. In this study, a local existence result is established,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-09 David Bick

An example of a discrete pregeometry on a microscopic scale is introduced. The model is a directed dyadic acyclic graph. This is the particular case of a causal set. The particles in this model must be self-organized repetitive structures.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-03 Alexey L. Krugly , Ivan V. Stepanian

In this short note we review a recently found formulation of two-dimensional causal quantum gravity defined through Causal Dynamical Triangulations and stochastic quantization. This procedure enables one to extract the nonperturbative…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-11-20 J. Ambjorn , R. Loll , W. Westra , S. Zohren