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We review the main scientific pictures of the universe developed from ancient times to Albert Einstein and underline that all of them treated the universe as a stationary system with unchanged physical properties. In contrast to this, 100…

Popular Physics · Physics 2022-12-01 Galina L. Klimchitskaya , Vladimir M. Mostepanenko

In December 1911, Max Abraham published a paper on gravitation at the basis of which was Albert Einstein's 1911 June conclusion about a relationship between the velocity of light and the gravitational potential. In February 1912, Einstein…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2012-02-14 Galina Weinstein

Albert Einstein's journey to formulate the theory of general relativity involved significant shifts in his approach to gravitational field equations. Starting in 1912, he collaborated with Marcel Grossmann and initially explored broadly…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2023-11-09 Galina Weinstein

The Universe dynamical equations discovered by Alexander Friedmann in 1922 are simple enough to be clear for undergraduate students or even for smart senior schoolkids. The background cosmology driven by the dust-like matter and by positive…

General Physics · Physics 2016-07-13 Sergey V. Dvoryaninov , Vladimir O. Soloviev

Einstein established the theory of general relativity and the corresponding field equation in 1915 and its vacuum solutions were obtained by Schwarzschild and Kerr for, respectively, static and rotating black holes, in 1916 and 1963,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-09-08 Banibrata Mukhopadhyay

We present a first English translation and analysis of a little-known review of relativistic cosmology written by Albert Einstein in late 1932. The article, which was published in 1933 in a book of Einstein papers translated into French,…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2017-01-26 Cormac O'Raifeartaigh , Michael O'Keeffe , Werner Nahm , Simon Mitton

Einstein--Cartan theory is a generalization of general relativity that introduces spacetime torsion. In this paper, we perform phase space analysis to investigate the evolution of the early universe in Einstein--Cartan theory. By studying…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-05-06 Qihong Huang , He Huang , Bing Xu , Kaituo Zhang

Before the establishment of the hot Big Bang scenario as the modern paradigm of cosmology, it faced several early competitors : the so-called stationary cosmological models. There were truly plural and independent approaches incorporating…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2019-04-17 E-A. Dubois A. Füzfa

The Einstein static universe has played a central role in a number of emergent scenarios recently put forward to deal with the singular origin of the standard cosmological model. Here we study the existence and stability of the Einstein…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2009-09-01 Saulo Carneiro , Reza Tavakol

In creating his gravitational field equations Einstein unjustifiedly assumed that inertial mass, and its energy equivalent, is a source of gravity. Denying this assumption allows modifying the field equations to a form in which a positive…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Homer G. Ellis

Albert Einstein's real "biggest blunder" was not the 1917 introduction into his gravitational field equations of a cosmological constant term \Lambda, rather was his failure in 1916 to distinguish between the entirely different concepts of…

General Physics · Physics 2012-10-31 Homer G. Ellis

Einstein regarded as one of the triumphs of his 1915 theory of gravity --- the general theory of relativity --- that it vindicated the action--reaction principle, while Newtonian mechanics as well as his 1905 special theory of relativity…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2013-06-21 Harvey R. Brown , Dennis Lehmkuhl

Within the framework of relativistic cosmology oscillating or cyclic models of the universe were introduced by A. Friedmann in his seminal paper of 1922. With the recognition of evolutionary cosmology in the 1930s this class of closed…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2013-08-06 Helge Kragh

Exactly one hundred years ago, in May 1922, Alexander Friedmann discovered that General Relativity (GR) predicts non-stationary Universe. His equation describing the evolution of the Universe is now named after him. In this paper we briefly…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2022-06-02 Vladimir O. Soloviev

Reexamination of general relativistic experimental results shows the universe is governed by Einstein's static-spacetime general relativity instead of Friedmann-Lemaitre expanding-spacetime general relativity. The absence of expansion…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Robert V. Gentry , David W. Gentry

The cosmological constant, usually named Lambda, was introduced by Einstein in 1917 and abandoned by him as his biggest "blunder". It currently seems to make a spectacular comeback in the framework of the new cosmological standard model.…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2018-06-19 Gilles Cohen-Tannoudji

There is a myth that Einstein's discovery of general relativity was due to his following beautiful mathematics to discover new insights about nature. I argue that this is an incorrect reading of the history and that what Einstein did was to…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2015-12-24 Lee Smolin

Loop Quantum Cosmology strongly modifies the high-energy dynamics of Friedman-Robertson-Walker models and removes the big-bang singularity. We investigate how LQC corrections affect the stability properties of the Einstein static universe.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Luca Parisi , Marco Bruni , Roy Maartens , Kevin Vandersloot

I give a compact, pedagogical review of our present understanding of the universe as based on general relativity. This includes the uniform models, with special reference to the cosmological 'constant'; and the equations for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-08-17 Paul S. Wesson

In the field equations of Einstein-Cartan theory with cosmological constant a static spherically symmetric perfect fluid with spin density satisfying the Weyssenhoff restriction is considered. This serves as a rough model of space filled…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Christian G. Boehmer