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In the international standard for system and software engineering ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288: 2015, the output of the stakeholder needs and the business or mission analysis technical processes are transformed into a technical view of the system by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Siyuan Ji , Charles E. Dickerson , Michael Wilkinson

By simply composing prompts, developers can prototype novel generative applications with Large Language Models (LLMs). To refine prototypes into products, however, developers must iteratively revise prompts by evaluating outputs to diagnose…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Tae Soo Kim , Yoonjoo Lee , Jamin Shin , Young-Ho Kim , Juho Kim

Given a learning problem with real-world tradeoffs, which cost function should the model be trained to optimize? This is the metric selection problem in machine learning. Despite its practical interest, there is limited formal guidance on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-22 Gaurush Hiranandani

Requirements prioritization is a critical activity during the early software development process, which produces a set of key requirements to implement. The prioritization process offers a parity among the requirements based on multiple…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Jonathan Winton , Francis Palma

Step-by-step reasoning is widely used to enhance the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) in complex problems. Evaluating the quality of reasoning traces is crucial for understanding and improving LLM reasoning. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Jinu Lee , Julia Hockenmaier

Like software, requirements evolve and change frequently during the development process. Refactoring is the process of reorganising software without changing its behaviour, to make it easier to understand and modify. We propose refactoring…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-13 Marie Farrell , Matt Luckcuck , Oisin Sheridan , Rosemary Monahan

Large language model agents have exhibited exceptional performance across a range of complex interactive tasks. Recent approaches have utilized tuning with expert trajectories to enhance agent performance, yet they primarily concentrate on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Weimin Xiong , Yifan Song , Xiutian Zhao , Wenhao Wu , Xun Wang , Ke Wang , Cheng Li , Wei Peng , Sujian Li

It is a long-standing desire of industry and research to automate the software development and testing process as much as possible. In this process, requirements engineering (RE) plays a fundamental role for all other steps that build on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Viju Sudhi , Libin Kutty , Robin Gröpler

Requirements engineering plays a critical role in developing software systems. One of the most difficult tasks in this process is identifying functional requirements. A critical problem in many projects is missing requirements until late in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Sabah Al-Fedaghi

Stepwise refinement of algebraic specifications is a well known formal methodology for program development. However, traditional notions of refinement based on signature morphisms are often too rigid to capture a number of relevant…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Manuel A. Martins , Alexandre Madeira , Luis S. Barbosa

Requirements are elicited from the customer and other stakeholders through an iterative process of interviews, prototyping, and other interactive sessions. Then, requirements can be further extended, based on the analysis of the features of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Alessio Ferrari , Paola Spoletini , Sourav Debnath

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable progress in code generation. However, existing benchmarks mainly formalize the task as a static, single-turn problem, overlooking the stepwise requirement changes and iterative workflows…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Zexun Zhan , Shuzheng Gao , Ruida Hu , Cuiyun Gao

Feedback is crucial for every design process, such as user interface (UI) design, and automating design critiques can significantly improve the efficiency of the design workflow. Although existing multimodal large language models (LLMs)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Peitong Duan , Chin-Yi Cheng , Bjoern Hartmann , Yang Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized various domains but encounter substantial challenges in tackling optimization modeling tasks for Operations Research (OR), particularly when dealing with complex problem. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Yang Wu , Yifan Zhang , Yurong Wu , Yuran Wang , Junkai Zhang , Jian Cheng

In the past years, software reverse engineering dealt with source code understanding. Nowadays, it is levered to software requirements abstract level, supported by feature model notations, language independent, and simpler than the source…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-04-30 Anas Alhamwieh , Said Ghoul

Product lines (PL) modeling have proven to be an effective approach to reuse in software development.Several variability approaches were developed to plan requirements reuse, but only little of them actuallyaddress the issue of deriving…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Olfa Djebbi , Camille Salinesi , Daniel Diaz

Stakeholders' conversations in requirements elicitation meetings hold valuable insights into system and client needs. However, manually extracting requirements is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and prone to errors and biases. While…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Gianmario Voria , Francesco Casillo , Carmine Gravino , Gemma Catolino , Fabio Palomba

Large Language Models (LLMs) often generate substantively relevant content but fail to adhere to formal constraints, leading to outputs that are conceptually correct but procedurally flawed. Traditional prompt refinement approaches focus on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Alberto Purpura , Li Wang , Sahil Badyal , Eugenio Beaufrand , Adam Faulkner

Large language model (LLM) agents have emerged as a promising solution to automate the workflow of machine learning, but most existing methods share a common limitation: they attempt to optimize entire pipelines in a single step before…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Eric Xue , Ke Chen , Zeyi Huang , Yuyang Ji , Haohan Wang

We introduce a new method, stepwise method for solving optimal con- trol problems. Our first motivation for new approach emanate from limi- tations on continuous time control functions in PMP. Practically in most of the real world models,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-06-26 Mehdi Afshar , Farshad Merrikhbayat , Mohammad Reza Razvan