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The distribution of frequency counts of distinct words by length in a language's vocabulary will be analyzed using two methods. The first, will look at the empirical distributions of several languages and derive a distribution that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2012-07-17 Reginald D. Smith

The subword complexity of a word $w$ over a finite alphabet $\mathcal{A}$ is a function that assigns for each positive integer $n$, the number of distinct subwords of length $n$ in $w$. The subword complexity of a word is a good measure of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-09-16 Hannah Vogel

We say a string has a cadence if a certain character is repeated at regular intervals, possibly with intervening occurrences of that character. We call the cadence anchored if the first interval must be the same length as the others. We…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-10-12 Amihood Amir , Alberto Apostolico , Travis Gagie , Gad M. Landau

This paper considers estimation of a univariate density from an individual numerical sequence. It is assumed that (i) the limiting relative frequencies of the numerical sequence are governed by an unknown density, and (ii) there is a known…

Probability · Mathematics 2008-06-19 Andrew B. Nobel , Gusztav Morvai , Sanjeev R. Kulkarni

A sequence of geometric random variables of length $n$ is a sequence of $n$ independent and identically distributed geometric random variables ($\Gamma_1, \Gamma_2, \dots, \Gamma_n$) where $\mathbb{P}(\Gamma_j=i)=pq^{i-1}$ for…

In this paper we study the problem of tracking the mean of a piecewise stationary sequence of independent random variables. First we consider the case where the transition times are known and show that a direct running average performs the…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-04-04 Ghurumuruhan Ganesan

We count the number of subsets of $\{1,2,\cdots,n\}$ under different conditions and study the sequence obtained as we let $n$ increase.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-06-07 Hung Viet Chu

If the list of binary numbers is read by upward-sloping diagonals, the resulting ``sloping binary numbers'' 0, 11, 110, 101, 100, 1111, 1010, ... (or 0, 3, 6, 5, 4, 15, 10, ...) have some surprising properties. We give formulae for the n-th…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-08-16 David Applegate , Benoit Cloitre , Philippe Deléham , N. J. A. Sloane

The discrepancy of a binary string refers to the maximum (absolute) difference between the number of ones and the number of zeroes over all possible substrings of the given binary string. We provide an investigation of the discrepancy of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-09-09 Daniel Gabric , Joe Sawada

A fringe subtree of a rooted tree is a subtree induced by one of the vertices and all its descendants. We consider the problem of estimating the number of distinct fringe subtrees in two types of random trees: simply generated trees and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-05-11 Louisa Seelbach Benkner , Stephan Wagner

We study pattern densities in binary sequences, finding optimal limit sequences with fixed pattern densities.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-08 Richard Kenyon

Let $G$ be a regular graph and $H$ a subgraph on the same vertex set. We give surprisingly compact formulas for the number of copies of $H$ one expects to find in a random subgraph of $G$.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-26 Aaron Abrams , Rod Canfield , Andrew Granville

We investigate the order of the variance of the optimal alignments score of two independent iid binary random words having the same length. The letters are equiprobable, but the scoring function is such that one letter has a larger score…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-06-17 Christian Houdré , Heinrich Matzinger

We investigate the number of squares in a very broad family of binary recurrence sequences with $u_{0}=1$. We show that there are at most two distinct squares in such sequences (the best possible result), except under such very special…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-09-19 Paul M Voutier

The distribution function of the sum of i.i.d. random variables of the special form is considered. Such sum describes messages posterior probabilities for random coding in binary symmetric channel. Close non-asymptotic lower and upper…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-17 M. V. Burnashev

Nonlinear complexity, as an important measure for assessing the randomness of sequences, is defined as the length of the shortest feedback shift registers that can generate a given sequence. In this paper, the structure of n-periodic binary…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Qin Yuan , Chunlei Li , Xiangyong Zeng

We study the entropy $S$ of longest increasing subsequences (LIS), i.e., the logarithm of the number of distinct LIS. We consider two ensembles of sequences, namely random permutations of integers and sequences drawn i.i.d.\ from a limited…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2020-06-09 Phil Krabbe , Hendrik Schawe , Alexander K. Hartmann

Various approaches to alignment-free sequence comparison are based on the length of exact or inexact word matches between two input sequences. Haubold {\em et al.} (2009) showed how the average number of substitutions between two DNA…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2017-09-06 Burkhard Morgenstern , Svenja Schöbel , Chris-André Leimeister

Consider n unit intervals, say [1,2], [3,4], ..., [2n-1,2n]. Identify their endpoints in pairs at random, with all (2n-1)!! = (2n-1) (2n-3) ... 3 1 pairings being equally likely. The result is a collection of cycles of various lengths, and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Nicholas Pippenger

We consider a certain equidistributed sequence of rational numbers constructed from the primes. In particular, we determine the sharp convergence rate for the star discrepancy of said sequence. Our arguments are based on well-known…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-07-29 Martin Lind