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Using the tensor product representation in the density matrix renormalization group, we show that a quantum circuit of Grover's algorithm, which has one-qubit unitary gates, generalized Toffoli gates, and projective measurements, can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Kawaguchi , K. Shimizu , Y. Tokura , N. Imoto

Sampling from probability distributions of quantum circuits is a fundamentally and practically important task which can be used to demonstrate quantum supremacy using noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. In the present work, we examine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-29 Changhun Oh , Youngrong Lim , Bill Fefferman , Liang Jiang

Recent experiments demonstrated quantum computational advantage in random circuit sampling and Gaussian boson sampling. However, it is unclear whether these experiments can lead to practical applications even after considerable research…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-14 Chae-Yeun Park , Pablo A. M. Casares , Juan Miguel Arrazola , Joonsuk Huh

Noisy quantum simulation is challenging since one has to take into account the stochastic nature of the process. The dominating method for it is the density matrix approach. In this paper, we evaluate conditions for which this method is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-31 William Berquist , Danylo Lykov , Minzhao Liu , Yuri Alexeev

Permutational Quantum Computing (PQC) [\emph{Quantum~Info.~Comput.}, \textbf{10}, 470--497, (2010)] is a natural quantum computational model conjectured to capture non-classical aspects of quantum computation. An argument backing this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-15 Vojtech Havlicek , Sergii Strelchuk

We present a polynomial-time classical algorithm for estimating expectation values of arbitrary observables on typical quantum circuits under any incoherent local noise, including non-unital or dephasing. Although previous research…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Armando Angrisani , Antonio A. Mele , Manuel S. Rudolph , M. Cerezo , Zoë Holmes

Quantum circuits generating probability distributions has applications in several areas. Areas like finance require quantum circuits that can generate distributions that mimic some given data pattern. Hamiltonian simulations require…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-30 Kalyan Dasgupta , Binoy Paine

Randomized algorithms are crucial subroutines in quantum computing, but the requirement to execute many types of circuits on a real quantum device has been challenging to their extensive implementation. In this study, we propose an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-23 Shu Kanno , Ikko Hamamura , Rudy Raymond , Qi Gao , Naoki Yamamoto

Classical simulation of noisy quantum circuits is essential for understanding quantum computing experiments. It enables scalable error characterization, analysis of how noise impacts quantum algorithms, and optimized implementations of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-22 Ashe Miller , Corey Ostrove , Jordan Hines , Robin Blume-Kohout , Kevin Young , Timothy Proctor

We study the effect of noise on the classical simulatability of quantum circuits defined by computationally tractable (CT) states and efficiently computable sparse (ECS) operations. Examples of such circuits, which we call CT-ECS circuits,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-28 Yasuhiro Takahashi , Yuki Takeuchi , Seiichiro Tani

Quantum computations are typically compiled into a circuit of basic quantum gates. Just like for classical circuits, a quantum compiler should optimize the quantum circuit, e.g. by minimizing the number of required gates. Optimizing quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-31 Raban Iten , Romain Moyard , Tony Metger , David Sutter , Stefan Woerner

Classical simulation of quantum computers is an irreplaceable step in the design of quantum algorithms. Exponential simulation costs demand the use of high-performance computing techniques, and in particular distribution, whereby the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-06 Tyson Jones , Bálint Koczor , Simon C. Benjamin

Quasiprobability representation is an important tool for analyzing a quantum system, such as a quantum state or a quantum circuit. In this work, we propose classical algorithms specialized for approximating outcome probabilities of a linear…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-19 Youngrong Lim , Changhun Oh

Generic quantum-circuit simulation appears intractable for conventional computers and may be unnecessary because useful quantum circuits exhibit significant structure that can be exploited during simulation. For example, Gottesman and Knill…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-12-12 Héctor J. García , Igor L. Markov

In recent times, Variational Quantum Circuits (VQC) have been widely adopted to different tasks in machine learning such as Combinatorial Optimization and Supervised Learning. With the growing interest, it is pertinent to study the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-13 Dheeraj Peddireddy , Vipul Bansal , Vaneet Aggarwal

An $n$-qubit quantum circuit is said to be peaked if it has an output probability that is at least inverse-polynomially large as a function of $n$. We describe a classical algorithm with quasipolynomial runtime $n^{O(\log{n})}$ that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-18 Sergey Bravyi , David Gosset , Yinchen Liu

It is one of the most fundamental objectives in quantum information science to understand the boundary between the computational power of classical and quantum computers. One possible avenue to explore this boundary is to identify classes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-28 Christophe Piveteau

Current quantum computing hardware is restricted by the availability of only few, noisy qubits which limits the investigation of larger, more complex molecules in quantum chemistry calculations on quantum computers in the near-term. In this…

Gaussian states hold a fundamental place in quantum mechanics, quantum information, and quantum computing. Many subfields, including quantum simulation of continuous-variable systems, quantum chemistry, and quantum machine learning, rely on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Yichen Xie , Nadav Ben-Ami

Noise in quantum operations often negates the advantage of quantum computation. However, most classical simulations of quantum computers calculate the ideal probability amplitudes either storing full state vectors or using sophisticated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-18 Shigeo Hakkaku , Keisuke Fujii