Related papers: Euler, Goldbach, and "Fermat's Theorem"
This paper provides some explicit formulas related to addition theorems for elliptic integrals $\int_0^x dt/R(t)$, where $R(t)$ is the square root from a polynomial of degree 4. These integrals are related to complex elliptic genera and are…
Feferman proved in 1962 that any arithmetical theorem is a consequence of a suitable transfinite iteration of full uniform reflection of $\mathsf{PA}$. This result is commonly known as Feferman's completeness theorem. The purpose of this…
In this essay we'll prove G\"odel's incompleteness theorems twice. First, we'll prove them the good old-fashioned way. Then we'll repeat the feat in the setting of computation. In the process we'll discover that G\"odel's work, rightly…
Two centuries ago, Sophie Germain began to work on her grand plan to prove the theorem of Fermat, the famous conjecture that $x^n + y^n = z^n$ is impossible for nonzero integral values of $x$, $y$, and $z$, when $n > 2$. At that time, this…
I discuss Einstein's path-breaking November 1915 General Relativity papers. I show that Einstein's field equations of November 25, 1915 with an additional term on the right hand side involving the trace of the energy-momentum tensor appear…
This translation has been published in Stephen Hawking (ed.), "God Created the Integers", published in 2007 by Running Press. There may have been some changes to the final published version and this copy. This is a translation from the…
This is a translation of Euler's Latin paper "De fractionibus continuis observationes" into English. In this paper Euler describes his theory of continued fractions. He teaches, how to transform series into continued fractions, solves the…
Over one year ago, a very long preprint posted on arXiv [arXiv:1709.03771] and HAL announced a proof of Lehmer's Conjecture (and of other related results). Unfortunately, as was remarked by several specialists, this proof contains a (at…
This review devoted to the centenary of Alexander Friedmann's prediction of the Universe expansion presents the results obtained by him in 1922 and 1924 and the sketch of their further developments. Special attention is paid to the role of…
We present an algebraic generalization of Euler's theorem for quadrilaterals. Starting from the parallelogram identity in an inner product space, we derive Apollonius' identity and obtain Euler's quadrilateral identity in a unified vector…
This paper provides a proof of a LLT-like test for Fermat numbers, based on the properties of Lucas Sequences and on the method of Lehmer.
A classical theorem in number theory due to Euler states that a positive integer $z$ can be written as the sum of two squares if and only if all prime factors $q$ of $z$, with $q\equiv 3 \pmod{4}$, have even exponent in the prime…
Transcendence criteria inspired by Kolberg's paper dated 1962. In his paper dated 1962, Kolberg states and proves a theorem on the transcendence of the values of the sums of a class of certain power series in x, for algebraic values of x.…
Translation from the Latin original, "Inventio summae cuiusque seriei ex dato termino generali" (1735). E47 in the Enestrom index. In this paper Euler derives the Euler-Maclaurin summation formula, by expressing y(x-1) with the Taylor…
I present the proof of Goedel's First Incompleteness theorem in an intuitive manner, while covering all technically challenging steps. I present generalizations of Goedel's fixed point lemma to two-sentence and multi-sentence versions,…
We prove several claims made by Kontsevich about the orbifold Euler characteristic of the three types of graph homology introduced by him. For this purpose, first we develop a simplified version of the Feynman diagram method, which requires…
Leonhard Euler, the most prolific mathematician in history, contributed to advance a wide spectrum of topics in celestial mechanics. At the Saint Petersburg Observatory, Euler observed sunspots and tracked the movements of the Moon.…
The Collatz conjecture is a famous math problem that was introduced by Lothar Collatz in 1937, and nobody has yet succeeded in proving or disproving it. In this article, I will analyze this problem with a new approach and I will discuss my…
This is a translation of an article presented by Leonhard Euler on 18 March 1776 (Opera Omnia I-XVIII, pp. 265-290) and of summaries for it by Sim\'eon Denis Poisson in 1820 and by Heinrich Burkhardt in 1916. An appendix lists in modern…
In this paper, we give a short elementary proof of the well known Euler's recurrence formula for the Riemann zeta function at positive even integers and integral representations of the Riemann zeta function at positive integers and at…