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In this document we define a method of proof that we call proof by dichotomy. Its field of application is any proposition on the set of natural numbers N. It consists in the repetition of a step. A step proves the proposition for half of…

Finding roots of equations is at the heart of most computational science. A well-known and widely used iterative algorithm is the Newton's method. However, its convergence depends heavily on the initial guess, with poor choices often…

Combining measurements which have "theoretical uncertainties" is a delicate matter, due to an unclear statistical basis. We present an algorithm based on the notion that a theoretical uncertainty represents an estimate of bias.

Causal discovery aims to recover information about an unobserved causal graph from the observable data it generates. Layerings are orderings of the variables which place causes before effects. In this paper, we provide ways to recover…

Many mathematicians have been studying various degenerate versions of special polynomials and numbers in some arithmetic and combinatorial aspects. Our main focus here is a new type of degenerate poly-Euler polynomials and numbers. This…

The descent method is one of the approaches to study the Brauer--Manin obstruction to the local--global principle and to weak approximation on varieties over number fields, by reducing the problem to ``descent varieties''. In recent lecture…

The main aim of the paper is to present a general version of the Fourier Tauberian theorem for monotone functions. This result, together with Berezin's inequality, allows us to obtain a refined version the Li-Yau estimate for the counting…

This paper uses decision-theoretic principles to obtain new insights into the assessment and updating of probabilities. First, a new foundation of Bayesianism is given. It does not require infinite atomless uncertainties as did Savage s…

The article introduces a method to learn dynamical systems that are governed by Euler--Lagrange equations from data. The method is based on Gaussian process regression and identifies continuous or discrete Lagrangians and is, therefore,…

We prove several new variants of the Lambert series factorization theorem established in the first article "Generating special arithmetic functions by Lambert series factorizations" by Merca and Schmidt (2017). Several characteristic…

The purpose of this article is to study the convergence of a low order finite element approximation for a natural convection problem. We prove that the discretization based on P1 polynomials for every variable (velocity, pressure and…

Uniform proofs are sequent calculus proofs with the following characteristic: the last step in the derivation of a complex formula at any stage in the proof is always the introduction of the top-level logical symbol of that formula. We…

We investigate convergence of the expectation maximization algorithm by representing it as a generalized proximal method. Convergence of iterates and not just in value is investigated under natural hypotheses such as definability of the…

The aim of this article is to define some new families of the special numbers. These numbers provide some further motivation for computation of combinatorial sums involving binomial coefficients and the Euler kind numbers of negative order.…

In general, the system of $2$nd-order partial differential equations made of the Euler-Lagrange equations of classical field theories are not compatible for singular Lagrangians. This is the so-called second-order problem. The first aim of…

In this paper, we continue our previous work on the reduction of algebraic lattices over imaginary quadratic fields for the special case when the lattice is spanned over a two dimensional basis. In particular, we show that the…

Lazard and Rouillier in [9], by introducing the concept of discriminant variety, have described a new and efficient algorithm for solving parametric polynomial systems. In this paper we modify this algorithm, and we show that with our…

In this paper we present an algorithm to find the discrete Lagrangian for an autonomous recurrence relation of arbitrary even order $2k$ with $k>1$. The method is based on the existence of a set of differential operators called annihilation…

The derivation of second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) as continuous-time limits of optimization algorithms has been shown to be an effective tool for the analysis of these algorithms. Additionally, discretizing…

We provide a simplified form of Primal Augmented Lagrange Multiplier algorithm. We intend to fill the gap in the steps involved in the mathematical derivations of the algorithm so that an insight into the algorithm is made. The experiment…