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Suppose that there are n bins, and balls arrive in a Poisson process at rate \lambda n, where \lambda >0 is a constant. Upon arrival, each ball chooses a fixed number d of random bins, and is placed into one with least load. Balls have…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Malwina J. Luczak , Colin McDiarmid

In the standard ball-in-bins experiment, a well-known scheme is to sample $d$ bins independently and uniformly at random and put the ball into the least loaded bin. It can be shown that this scheme yields a maximum load of $\log\log n/\log…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-10-12 Dengwang Tang , Vijay G. Subramanian

We prove that hashing $n$ balls into $n$ bins via a random matrix over $\mathbf{F}_2$ yields expected maximum load $O(\log n / \log \log n)$. This matches the expected maximum load of a fully random function and resolves an open question…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Michael Jaber , Vinayak M. Kumar , David Zuckerman

We study the long-term behavior of the two-thinning variant of the classical balls-and-bins model. In this model, an overseer is provided with uniform random allocation of $m$ balls into $n$ bins in an on-line fashion. For each ball, the…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-03-11 Ohad N. Feldheim , Ori Gurel-Gurevich , Jiange Li

We consider the following dynamic load-balancing process: given an underlying graph $G$ with $n$ nodes, in each step $t\geq 0$, one unit of load is created, and placed at a randomly chosen graph node. In the same step, the chosen node picks…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-03-23 Dan Alistarh , Giorgi Nadiradze , Amirmojtaba Sabour

We consider the unbalanced allocation of $m$ balls into $n$ bins by a randomized algorithm using the "power of two choices". For each ball, we select a set of bins at random, then place the ball in the fullest bin within the set.…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2014-01-03 Amanda Redlich

This paper investigates a general version of the multiple choice model called the $(k,d)$-choice process in which $n$ balls are assigned to $n$ bins. In the process, $k<d$ balls are placed into $k$ least loaded out of $d$ bins chosen…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-07-12 Gahyun Park

Load balancing is a well-studied problem, with balls-in-bins being the primary framework. The greedy algorithm $\mathsf{Greedy}[d]$ of Azar et al. places each ball by probing $d > 1$ random bins and placing the ball in the least loaded of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-01-24 John Augustine , William K. Moses , Amanda Redlich , Eli Upfal

In this paper we propose algorithms for allocating $n$ sequential balls into $n$ bins that are interconnected as a $d$-regular $n$-vertex graph $G$, where $d\ge3$ can be any integer.Let $l$ be a given positive integer. In each round $t$,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-03-01 Ali Pourmiri

We study the repeated balls-into-bins process introduced by Becchetti, Clementi, Natale, Pasquale and Posta (2019). This process starts with $m$ balls arbitrarily distributed across $n$ bins. At each round $t=1,2,\ldots$, one ball is…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Dimitrios Los , Thomas Sauerwald

Designing algorithms for balanced allocation of clients to servers in dynamic settings is a challenging problem for a variety of reasons. Both servers and clients may be added and/or removed from the system periodically, and the main…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-07-28 Vahab Mirrokni , Mikkel Thorup , Morteza Zadimoghaddam

We consider an infinite balls-into-bins process with deletions where in each discrete step $t$ a coin is tossed as to whether, with probability $\beta(t) \in (0,1)$, a new ball is allocated using the Greedy[2] strategy (which places the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Petra Berenbrink , Tom Friedetzky , Peter Kling , Lars Nagel

Iterative load balancing algorithms for indivisible tokens have been studied intensively in the past. Complementing previous worst-case analyses, we study an average-case scenario where the load inputs are drawn from a fixed probability…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2017-03-28 Leran Cai , Thomas Sauerwald

We consider a variation of balls-into-bins which randomly allocates $m$ balls into $n$ bins. Following Godfrey's model (SODA, 2008), we assume that each ball $t$, $1\le t\le m$, comes with a hypergraph…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Catherine Greenhill , Bernard Mans , Ali Pourmiri

In the 2-choice allocation problem, $m$ balls are placed into $n$ bins, and each ball must choose between two random bins $i, j \in [n]$ that it has been assigned to. It has been known for more than two decades, that if each ball follows…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-05-16 Nikhil Bansal , William Kuszmaul

Concentration bounds are given for throwing balls into bins independently according to a distribution $p$. The probability of a $k$-loaded bin after $m$ balls is shown to be controlled on both sides by $\rho_{m,k} := m \|p\|_k / k$. This…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-05-31 Ernst Schulte-Geers , Bo Waggoner

We consider the following load balancing process for $m$ tokens distributed arbitrarily among $n$ nodes connected by a complete graph: In each time step a pair of nodes is selected uniformly at random. Let $\ell_1$ and $\ell_2$ be their…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-08-17 Petra Berenbrink , Tom Friedetzky , Dominik Kaaser , Peter Kling

We consider the problem of deterministic load balancing of tokens in the discrete model. A set of $n$ processors is connected into a $d$-regular undirected network. In every time step, each processor exchanges some of its tokens with each…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-02-24 Petra Berenbrink , Ralf Klasing , Adrian Kosowski , Frederik Mallmann-Trenn , Przemyslaw Uznanski

We revisit the random allocation model in which $n$ balls are independently placed into $N$ boxes with probabilities $q_1,\ldots,q_N$. A classical asymptotic result due to Kolchin, Sevastyanov, and Chistyakov for the expectations,…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-04-28 Serik Sagitov

The study of {\em balls-into-bins processes} or {\em occupancy problems} has a long history. These processes can be used to translate realistic problems into mathematical ones in a natural way. In general, the goal of a balls-into-bins…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-05-19 Tugkan Batu , Petra Berenbrink , Colin Cooper